tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-72593610824512624032024-03-21T20:21:47.884-07:00Richard Cadena, ETCP RT/CEERichard Cadena is an author, freelance lighting designer/consultant, ETCP Recognized Trainer, ETCP Certified Entertainment Electrician, technical editor for PLASA Media, and the founder of the Academy of Production Technology.APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.comBlogger57125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-85030580491048984782020-02-17T17:09:00.000-08:002020-02-17T17:09:15.419-08:00Exploding Lamps!<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
<span _mce_style="font-size: 12pt;" style="font-size: 12pt;">When people in my classes ask questions, my favorites are the ones that I can't answer off the top of my head, because it makes me think.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
<span _mce_style="font-size: 12pt;" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
<span _mce_style="font-size: 12pt;" style="font-size: 12pt;">We recently had a class in Banff, Alberta, Canada, because somebody has to do it, so it might as well be me. During a break, one of the more curious people in the class (curious as in inquisitive, not as in strange) named Stuart Williamson asked me a great question. It made me think about exploding lamps.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
The question had to do with losing the neutral conductor. We had been talking about why the neutral conductor is the only normally current-carrying conductor that is not protected from overloading by a fuse or circuit breaker, which is true. The reason is that the neutral conductor serves as the 0-volt reference. If it's lost, bad things can happen. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
Suppose, for example, we have a lighting rig with 16 PAR lamps that are rated 1000 watts at 120 volts. Let's say the power is supplied by a split-phase system with two hot conductors (black and red), a neutral, and a ground, where the phase-to-neutral voltage is 120V and the phase-to-phase voltage is 240V. And suppose we made a mistake circuiting the rig, so we have 10 of them connected from the black leg to neutral, and six from red to neutral. And suppose one of the six lamps burned out during the show (Sheesh, we’re having a bad night, and it’s about to get worse!), and now we have a more unbalanced system.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">At the rated voltage, the resistance of the filament in these lamps is about 14.5 ohms (</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1000W/</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">120V = 8.3A, and 120V/</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">8.3A = 14.5 ohms). </span>Schematically, the group of 10 lamps, each of which is 14.5 ohms, are in parallel with each other, and they have an equivalent resistance of 1.45 ohms [1/(1/14.5 +1/14.5 + 1/14.5 + 1/14.5 + 1/14.5 + 1/14.5 + 1/14.5 + 1/14.5 + 1/14.5 + 1/14.5) = 1.45 ohms). The six lamps (now five after the blown lamp) are in parallel with each other, and they have an equivalent resistance of 2.9 ohms [1/(1/14.5 + 1/14.5 + 1/14.5 + 1/14.5 + 1/14.5) = 2.9 ohms]. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
When the neutral (0-volt reference) is lost, that creates a voltage-divider circuit between the 1.45 ohm and the 2.9 ohm equivalent resistances with 240V applied to it, which draws 55.2 amps. Not to worry, we still have a quantity of 15,000 watts of load, and 55.2 amps at 240 volts is only 13,248 watts (55.2A x 240V = 13,248W).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
On the other hand, the voltage-divider circuit is going to drop some voltage across each of the equivalent resistances in proportion to their impedance. That means we’ll have 80.2 volts applied to the group of 10 lamps (55.2 amps x 1.45 ohms = 80.2V) — which explains the sudden dimming of those lamps — and about 160 volts (Yikes!) applied across the group of five lamps — which explains why they suddenly got <i>much</i> brighter. And because it we're having a really bad day, one of the lamps in the group of five has a weak filament and blows. Now the math changes. That group of lamps now has an equivalent resistance of 3.6 ohms [1/(1/14.5 + 1/14.5 + 1/14.5 1/14.5) = 3.6 ohms], and the voltage-divider circuit only gets worse. The group of 10 lamps still has an equivalent resistance of 1.45 ohms, but the drop in impedance across the other lamps means the current drops to 47.5 amps [240V/(1.45 + 3.6) = 47.A], but now the applied voltage on the group of four lamps rises to 171 volts! You can guess what happens from there. Lather, rinse, repeat. The lamps continue to fall like dominoes (that have been sprinkles with gunpowder and set on fire!) until all the lamps in that group are blown. Then the fireworks stop because that group of fixtures is now an open circuit, which means all the lamps will dowse in a more civilized way, i.e., they fade to black.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
This is a simplified version of what would happen in real life because the resistance of the filament will change with the operating temperature, which changes with the current. But the process will follow the same script except the numbers would change slightly. And if it was a 3-phase system instead of a split-phase system, then it would be a more complex circuit, but the same thing would happen.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
Say what you will about LEDs, but an all-LED rig would likely never have this problem because most of them will operate on any voltage from 90V to 250V, nor does the impedance change when the emitters fail. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj12y5WlpIMQIESTV1d0MjSnVPR7FrVHpl0tvL1NI0yQWHNqhBlJbmnBydbPDyRuqyTJwwxWRWDgbSPs48VB-roG9STW-E37Kt9q8kokZUw9KlqF-YwFjqGy87_AhNC3ksZjSZPeYGuVkPc/s1600/exploding+lamp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1461" data-original-width="1600" height="584" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj12y5WlpIMQIESTV1d0MjSnVPR7FrVHpl0tvL1NI0yQWHNqhBlJbmnBydbPDyRuqyTJwwxWRWDgbSPs48VB-roG9STW-E37Kt9q8kokZUw9KlqF-YwFjqGy87_AhNC3ksZjSZPeYGuVkPc/s640/exploding+lamp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
</div>
APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-6260677145486939952019-11-22T18:31:00.000-08:002019-11-22T18:31:54.975-08:00Five Years Ago Today...<div class="MsoNormal">
At this very instant, there is someone out there who is
going to get on stage with an electric guitar or a microphone, and they are trusting
that whoever set up the electrical system that powers their gear understands
grounding and bonding. That performer has a mother and a father, and perhaps
some siblings. They might have a spouse and they might even have children, and all
of those people are counting on all of us, as live event professionals, to know
enough about our craft to protect their loved one from the hazards of electricity.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Those performers likely know very little about it. They probably
don’t know what a ground loop is, or that it is one of the main reasons that an
adapter is sometimes used to lift the safety ground on the sound system. Most
of them have no idea that creating a faulty ground like this could be lethal to
someone who is touching electric guitar strings and some other conductive
metal, like a microphone or scaffolding, that is connected to ground. I’m
guessing that they don’t know about Les Harvey, a guitar player for the band Stone
the Crows, or Keith Relf, the lead singer of the Yardbirds, both of whom died
because of faulty grounding. And they’ve probably never heard of Agustin
Briolini. So, they likely have no idea that today marks five years since
Agustin, a 22 year-old guitar player and lead singer/songwriter in a band
called The Krebs, was tragically electrocuted during a sound check. So how
would they know his death was the result of a faulty ground? They probably don’t.
Nor are they likely know that the accident, like many stage electrocutions,
could have been prevented, had someone only known that lifting the ground can
be deadly. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It’s too late to save Agustin, but it’s not too late to turn
his accident into a learning experience for all of us in the live event
production industry. There’s someone out there right now who is in line to be
the next victim. unless you and I act. Let’s remember the hard lesson of Agustin’s
passing and strive to do better.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="376">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<img src="https://lajornadaweb.com.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Agust%C3%ADn-Briolini-Krebs-3.jpg" /><br />
<br />
<a href="https://open.spotify.com/artist/4rrO7FzGD5EXyDh6P3SZPl?si=7qvllQ3SShqZCC_BzLCkLw&fbclid=IwAR21S34EN0ydjJsqndyeEy5wwbY61DKBp9Ebawfz2syU7Kmm7nhiAL1adYY" target="_blank">Click here to celebrate Agustin's life and music by downloading new Krebs music on Spotify.</a></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.aptxl.blogspot.com/2019/11/five-years-after-what-happened-to.html" target="_blank">Click here to read a first-hand account of the accident that took Agustin's life.</a></span><br />
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<br /></div>
</div>
APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-74657461500337515222019-11-22T07:42:00.001-08:002019-11-22T07:42:46.382-08:00Five Years After: What Happened to Agustin Briolini?<i>This is a google translation from LaJornadaWeb.com about a young singer/songwriter/guitar player who tragically died doing what he loved to do. His death could have been prevented had the faulty ground in the power distribution system been rectified. Saturday, November 22, 2019 will be the five year anniversary of his passing. It's been a long, hard journey for his family, his friends, and his fans. I've been documenting the issue and speaking about it in the hope that by raising awareness, the community of live event production professionals can prevent more deaths in the future.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ezequiel Britos, who at that time was the band's manager, posted on his Facebook profile a shocking account of what happened on November 23, 2014. The emotional writing ends with a question that is everyone's: What happened to Agustin Briolini?</span></div>
<div class="code-block code-block-2" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 8px 0px;">
<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2708262167748109" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="4704269838" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" data-full-width-responsive="true" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><ins id="aswift_2_expand" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; visibility: visible; width: 696px;"><ins id="aswift_2_anchor" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; visibility: visible; width: 696px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="280" hspace="0" id="aswift_2" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_2" scrolling="no" style="border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: 280px; left: 0px; overflow: visible; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 696px;" vspace="0" width="696"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<b>What happened to Agustin Briolini?</b></div>
<div class="_5pbx userContent _3576" data-ad-preview="message" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="js_c" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">On November 23, 2014, it dawned with an immense sun and a pleasant wind that foreshadowed a perfect day. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It didn't matter how it had dawned; </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">although a gray day had accompanied us, we breathed another air. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was the day when all the work of more than 12 months came to an end. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The plan was concrete: focus on that day, put all the chips in the presentation. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The next day review some issues for next year. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Córdoba Capital was the next appointment. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Buenos Aires the next. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">That November 23 was the end of everything we had set out and the beginning of the unknown.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><img src="https://lajornadaweb.com.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Agust%C3%ADn-Briolini-Krebs-3.jpg" /></span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Anxiety, at that time, was a constant that brought me hard times. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There was a lot at stake that night and I couldn't stop thinking about all the possible variables. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">While many tickets had been sold and we had the place almost full, there were other issues that bothered. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There was a plan that had to be carried out perfectly. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We had the schedules calculated so that everything went as agreed. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I got up and the first thing was to write a message to the WhatsApp group reminding the band members of everything they had to carry.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Little by little, Agustín, Diego and Gustavo, the band members, woke up. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Anxiety ran in everyone equally. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Any inconvenience, any failure, any detail forgotten, did not matter. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Everything was going to be fine and we had to keep calm.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I walked down to the route where Diego would look for me to go to Level Two, a producer that rented the equipment for the concert that night. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There we would meet Daniel, who lent us his truck to take the battery platform. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We met at the door, we hugged the four, happy, expectant, knowing that everything went according to plan. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There was realization in every second that passed. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">They felt accomplished. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">They spoke with certainty. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Perhaps Augustine unconsciously transmitted everything that throbbed, because there was no room for doubt.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin was the singer, songwriter and guitarist of the band. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He was a brother who had re-met in a very difficult time. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He was a person with whom we had connected on another level. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We were two rocks that fit. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We felt empathy for each other. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We understood the universe as a great connector. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was no coincidence our meeting and we wanted to know where it led.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We descend the endless stairs of Level Two with the support. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We put it in the truck, we communicated with Federico and Pascual, who were going to take care of the sound that night. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">They already had the truck with all the equipment loaded. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At three o'clock we were going to be at the door of the theater to start putting in all the equipment and putting together the sound. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The plan was underway.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We arrived at the theater at a quarter to three. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">In theory we would meet José María, in charge of the sound in the Theater, to open the service door for us and we could enter with the equipment. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We arrive and park the cars in the passage that leads to the back of the place. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia Stocco and Nicolás Astegiano were waiting for us there. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia was going to be singing that night as a guest. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Nicolás was the producer of Krebs' album and would be in charge of the sound that night. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Also there was Kevin Cretari, Agustín's childhood friend, who also didn't want to miss any piece of a historic day, at least for us. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We hugged each other while on the phone I tried in vain to communicate with Roxana, the theater manager. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">José María did not answer the phone, so I decided to turn around and enter through the main door.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I entered the place as if it were my house, as if I already knew it, as if I had walked it a thousand times. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I walked to the bottom of the video games that are at the bottom of the gallery and reached the dressing rooms. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Continue to the end of the hall and open a door that led to the passage. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There they were all and we began to enter the instruments, the smoke machines and the clothes. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The dressing rooms were a disaster or it was much less than we imagined. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There was only one fit for musicians. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The other was dirty, with cigarette butts lying on the floor. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The emergency exit was covered with traversed metal pipes. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We complained because we thought it was unfair to pay so much for a place that was not fit. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The place was dirty, the showers did not work and there was mold on the floor and walls. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There was only one bathroom that was in condition and only cold water came out. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The first inconveniences began but there was no time for complaints. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There was nothing that could take away our excitement. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">"It must be that we are not stars of Buenos Aires, that's why they serve us like this," we joked. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was a minor problem but we still had to go out to find another place to bathe before the show. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Gustavo, the bass player of the band, proposed his house because of its proximity.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Federico and Pascual arrived with the equipment and we decided that we would enter them through the main door, since they were amplifiers, boxes and heavy powers. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was preferable to use the carts and enter them from the front. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was a quarter to four.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At that time, the soundmen lowered the equipment. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">While we were watching as they unloaded, we looked at each other with complicit smiles. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The sound was monstrous. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was too much for such a small place. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The room had a capacity for 400 people and was divided into two floors. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The stalls were at the top. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The plan continued as we imagined.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">While they were still unloading the equipment and accommodating everything above the stage, I went to the door to speak with the person in charge of the ticket office, to leave them tickets, mark them the price, leave them the list of invited journalists. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Then I went to a nearby cyber to print a simple poster that read “Presentation Disco Krebs. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Advance $ 60 ”.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">In addition, it occurred to me to print the poem that Augustine had written for that night and paste them on the doors. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">So I left the cyber full of papers and headed back to the theater. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I borrowed a paper tape from the ticket office girls and prepared to glue the posters. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Meanwhile, Agustín and Diego crossed to a hamburger shop to buy food. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We had been in the room for an hour and a half, between the unloading of the equipment and the bags that we accommodated in the dressing rooms and the hunger was tightening. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">When they returned, because of the smell of cucumber, they were sent to the dressing rooms to eat. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">They came down with the burgers to eat while the sound was still upstairs.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Half past four. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We are all inside, with boiling anxiety on the skin. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We gather in the dressing rooms to accommodate. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We collect the money from the tickets sold. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">They gave me the list of the people who still had to pay. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We counted the money we had and we had already far exceeded the amount to be paid for the rent. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We burst with happiness. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We already had all the money and the rest was profit for the band. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At that time, one goal had been accomplished: not losing money.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We laughed crammed into the small dressing room. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I turned on my computer to promote the show and I stayed locked for a while while they put the sound up. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The dressing room was small, with a long wooden table, two chairs, two large mirrors and a coat rack to hang the coats. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We leave the shirts and bags hanging. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The shoes were spinning, piled up on the table. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The other dressing room, adjacent to the first, had no mirrors, no chairs. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I went on stage and handed out the sheets with the list of songs that night.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Inside, they kept making sound. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Nicolás and the soundmen talked about sound issues.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Half past five. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We were all on stage. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego armed the battery. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin jumped in excitement, sang, danced. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At one point, he found a prop hat, a court cap, with ears that fall to the sides like two pom poms. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The hat was from Independiente. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He put it on and started dancing in the middle of the stage like a murguero. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He stopped dancing, took out his cell phone and took a picture smiling.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Meanwhile, I took a picture from the stage, pointing to the empty room and uploading it to Facebook with my foot: "Go thinking where you feel there is still room." </span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Above the stage the details were finalized.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">While they made sound, Agustín began to change the strings to the guitar. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Daniel, a friend of the band, returned from the dressing rooms and walked barefoot on the floor wires. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At that moment, Diego, watching as the technicians tuned the drums, sees Agustín changing the strings: </span></span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">- Look at him crazy, changing the strings about to do the sound test, how irresponsible ...</span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">- And look at yourself, you're not doing nothing, next to the battery ... What are you doing? </span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">- I here waiting for my people to finish tuning the battery. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">My battery is going to be ready in one touch, you still have to change the strings</span></span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">- I will finish putting the strings before they put the battery together, forget it.</span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">- Volá! </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Look at everything you need, all the strings, I need nothing more to microwave and everything is ready. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">You are crazy!</span></span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">- I bet what you want to finish before you. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We bet what you want.</span></span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">- Go on, next time, when we play in River, you organize everything and I do nothing. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Weapons and organize everything. </span></span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">- Give it a deal.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Music was already coming out of the speakers. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At that moment I remembered that we had not finished defining the visuals. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I called Agustin to ask if he had brought his computer with the visuals. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He said no, that we didn't have the projector and that it was a nonsense to bring visuals if we didn't have to project them. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The stage had a giant screen that we tried to lower several times. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I went to talk to José María to ask him how to lower the screen to the stage. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">When we returned the two together, the projector was slowly coming down. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Between Kevin and Gustavo they had given up and managed to lower it. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The problem now was that we had no projector. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I asked José María if he could get me one and he said he thought I had one going around. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">After a while, he returned again with a projector in his hands.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We did not have the computer and considering the time, it was a problem to go to Agustín's house in San Antonio to look for it. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">In any other situation, at any other time, Diego and Agustin would have entered into an endless discussion over the issue of visuals. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">But that day, it didn't matter.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ezequiel, Agustín's brother, offered to make the trip and return, since he had to find his camera and bathe. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I asked him if we made time for his return and install everything. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I worried. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin reassured me: “If everything goes well and if it doesn't arrive, it doesn't matter, we will leave without visuals. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We're going to break it all the same, brother. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Stay calm, between the music and the lights they will all flash. ”Ezekiel left for his home.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Six thirty. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Six thirty? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I don't know, time starts to diffuse. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Why did Ezekiel leave? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Why did he leave just then? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Would it have been unbearable to live with what was going to happen? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I do not know. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Federico and Gustavo also left. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We needed a cable and they went to the Fold rehearsal room, owned by Frederick, to look for him. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The stage was almost ready. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We went back up the screen. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia left because I asked her to lend us her notebook. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin's computer was slow and we had doubts about whether he would hold the visuals in the middle of the show.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Half an hour later Cecilia returned with her notebook. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We leave everything in the dressing rooms. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We waited for the moment and the plan was working. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Everything was almost ready. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego got on the drums and started hitting her hard. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Each blow of the hype was a rumble that shook the entire room. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We imagined, laughing, the audience's surprise when they heard the drums sound. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego released some drumsticks he had given him. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Gustavo and Federico had not yet returned. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Nicolás and Pascual finalized details on stage. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">On stage they played with things while leaving everything ready.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I went to the ticket office. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I asked the girls if any more tickets had been sold or if any means of communication had been presented. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">They told me no, that nobody had happened.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There was a lot of happiness in the air but anxiety played its game and as the time approached, it became increasingly heavy. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Just when I was at the ticket office, Franco, a childhood friend, came with me to buy food. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">On the way back we were talking while I showed him the flyers. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He read the poem and fell silent.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We entered the room and remembered that it was convenient to eat down. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I went down with Franco to the dressing rooms. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I showed him the place and we were eating. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kevin went down and we were talking to all three. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Above you could hear the drumming sound. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Laughter was heard. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Someone played the drums but it wasn't Diego because he had come down to tell me something. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia played the drums. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin was about to try the guitar. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The first chords of the night. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego went up and, with his cell phone, filmed a video of a few minutes where Agustin is seen on the side playing the guitar, laughing, with the microphone on his side.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Suddenly he stopped listening to the drums. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego had stopped filming and left his cell phone on his side to sit on the drums. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Franco and Kevin wanted to go buy something to drink. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I finished eating and lit a cigarette. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Franco accompanied me with the cigarette and Kevin stayed with us. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The guitar was shy (they were still accommodating some issues).</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I finished smoking and Franco wondered if I wanted to go up. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I told him that I was staying, that I had to finish doing some things; </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I wanted to pass a photo I had on my cell phone to the computer to upload it to Facebook. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I stayed in the dressing room with Kevin. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">On stage, Diego waited for his moment to play the drums, Agustín settled the guitar in his hands, Cecilia watched, Franco took the stage, Ezequiel had not returned, Daniel had gone to work, Gustavo and Federico had not returned, Nicolás He was standing on stage and Pascual was behind the operating console.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Seven and something. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Seven and something? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I don't know, time was already an illusion. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego is about to hit that battery for the first time all night. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Grab the drumsticks and look at Agustin. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He smiles and turns to grab the microphone. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin is exultant, happy. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There was nothing but happiness in the air. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego fails to play four times. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Suddenly, I, still in the dressing room, stopped listening to the sound at the same time that Diego ducked his head to hit the drums hard. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">An echo echoes in the room. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">A string that was there, pulling an endless chord.</span></span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I hear screams. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia runs down to where we are with Kevin. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin is electrocuting. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He screams at me, it takes me a while to react. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Is Augustine getting electrocuted? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I look into Cecilia's eyes, out of orbit. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Something serious is happening. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I get up and run, confused, terrified, with no apparent direction. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">How was it possible, if everything was planned? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Something was happening that was out of the plans.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Up Diego tries to approach Agustín but feels static on his feet, two meters away. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Understand that you can't get close. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">With more eagerness that conscience approaches with his drumsticks in his hands and tries to separate the microphone from his hand. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He can't and walks away. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Nicolás kicks him on the guitar, first warmly. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego sees sparks in Agu's chest. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Star flash in the sky, nobody can touch you. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pascual shouted that he had already disconnected everything but Agustín was still stuck. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I ran out to the back door, opened it, looked out, shouted. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I pulled out the phone and dialed 911. What do I do? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">This time the phone will not save my life. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The screams were heard above. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">“Pascual disconnects!”, “Nico turns off!”. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Nico's second kick is lethal. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He hits the guitar and breaks the string, the same where he was hooked. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin falls hard to the floor. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The guitar falls to his side. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego approaches to touch him but understands that he still cannot approach. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He looks into his eyes and understands that he is still there. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He approaches and calls him. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agu's eyes want to stay but in a matter of seconds they leave not to return.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The screams intermingle in my head. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I don't know who screams, I don't know who they scream at. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I can not think. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I run out the bottom of the dressing rooms towards the front door. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He had not yet taken the stage to see what was happening. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I didn't think about anything. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego jumps off the stage and starts running. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I ran down the bottom towards the entrance with all my strength. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">As I ran, I felt like time fragmented into nanoseconds; </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I could see it, perhaps because of the speed boost in a side aisle, Diego running at the same speed as I was going. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We both ran to the front door. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We were floating in the air, time slowed down. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The distance became eternal. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We shouted to the girls in the box office that Agustín was electrocuted, to call the ambulance, the police, the firemen ...</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We ran back down the side aisle where Diego had gone down. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We ran into the room and went on stage. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">How much time had passed? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">One minute, two thousand. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Time had no form. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Space and situation dominated everything. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin was lying on the floor, hugging the microphone, the guitar at his side. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The screams continued. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Someone turn off everything! </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The lights were still on and the amplifiers had been ringing in an infinite loop. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We saw Agustin on the floor but we didn't know if he was still stuck. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We didn't find the key, we didn't know how to turn everything off. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There had to be a switch somewhere. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We were lost and Augustine was still lying on the floor with his eyes lost. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We were shouting at each other, it was chaos. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The place manager was not. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We were there, with our eyes absorbed,</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Suddenly someone turned off everything (or we thought it was because of the silence of the amplifiers) and Augustine his right arm to the side. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I approached to look closely. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I'm going to land and today I don't feel well. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He was lying on his back, arms outstretched and the guitar by his side. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The despair was even greater. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">All of us who entered were faced with the situation of having our friend on the floor without being able to do anything. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We screamed, we begged. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I started crying while Cecilia calmed me down. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Someone brought a boy, a waiter from a nearby bar, who did first aid. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hope. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He approached Agustin and began to massage his chest and count the time. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Around, everything was a mess. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The equipment was thrown away, it was the dream of a movie that had to wake up. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We all gathered close to the boy. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Someone suggested that we let him breathe, that we move away. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We hold hands, you can't leave us like that Agustin. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Give it Agus! </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Give it bold, I came back! </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The boy massaged his chest, took time between massage and massage. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We watched as Agu tried to breathe. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">His lungs contracted. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">His eyes were lost but we felt he was struggling to return. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He fought with all his might to focus his eyes and wake up. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We gave him strength, we begged him a little more. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Give it Agus! </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia phoned a doctor friend and asked her what to do. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">His eyes were lost but we felt he was struggling to return. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He fought with all his might to focus his eyes and wake up. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We gave him strength, we begged him a little more. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Give it Agus! </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia phoned a doctor friend and asked her what to do. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">His eyes were lost but we felt he was struggling to return. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He fought with all his might to focus his eyes and wake up. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We gave him strength, we begged him a little more. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Give it Agus! </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia phoned a doctor friend and asked her what to do.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We gathered to one side watching as the boy massaged his chest. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The hands did not respond. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">How much time had passed? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Ten, fifteen minutes. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Time escapes. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Every minute was eternal. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It seemed that all the chaos had turned into mist. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Everything was diffuse.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">No one had answers for the unknown. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kevin was asking Diego's phone to call Fernanda, who was just nearby. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We shouted at the ticket office girls, who were among the seats, for help. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">They were shouting at us that they had already called the ambulance, which was already arriving. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Among the people passing by, someone found a doctor. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The doctor came in and pounced on Agustin to help him. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The doctor did first aid work, chest massage, mouth-to-mouth breathing. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was increasingly difficult to get him back. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hope faded like sand in his hands. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We had been so close. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">My head was hell and thoughts mixed and exploded.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The doctor got up when the ambulance assistants entered. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">A police officer who reported what was happening on the phone also entered. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The doctor left the place to the paramedics. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Standing on one side, I saw that the doctor was leaving the room. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I thought of thanking him for his effort, for trying. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I left the room to thank him and asked how Agustin was, if there was a chance he would survive. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I asked him if there was still hope. </span></span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He told me no.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I went back to the living room and saw Agustín's face again. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I was no longer there. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I burst into tears. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Franco hugged me. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia started to cry and we hugged all three. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego went to the top of the room and sat in an armchair to look at everything from above, to ask God a thousand times to bring him back. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Down we cried hugging. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I knew it was the end. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Paramedics worked on Agustín, they introduced artifacts through his nose and mouth but it was already clear that he was gone. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Still, hope bounced on me and left. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It came and went, like life and death. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I didn't know and couldn't understand what was happening. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I wanted to believe but I couldn't. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We were alone in our spirit. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fernanda Gigena arrived, psychologist with whom Agustín had constellated. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">They had a special relationship. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">When I saw her come in, </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hope came back into me like lightning. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I thought she was the only one who could bring it back. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">What was Fernanda doing so close to the theater? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Kevin had called her, that was clear. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">But was it just close? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I don't know, but it was the last hopeful piece that day.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He arrived and approached Agustin, took off his shoes, taking him by the feet and started talking to him. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At that moment, I went up to look for Diego to tell him what the doctor had told me. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We went down and joined Kevin and Cecilia, to hold him by the feet. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fernanda spoke to him, told him to come back, not to be afraid, that everything was fine. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I started to cry again and Fernanda asked me to stop crying, that it didn't help him, that if I wanted to cry I would leave the room. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I made strength to stop crying and I kept grabbing him by the feet. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fernanda kept talking to him, guiding him, trying to bring him back. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Tears ran quietly down my cheek. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego, Kevin and Cecilia did the impossible to stay there. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Fernanda implored and said things that I no longer remember, but that we repeated. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We made strength to bring it back.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I went back into the living room and watched the situation stand aside. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Franco hugged me and we stayed by his side. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We hugged again with Cecilia. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I already knew there was nothing to do but hope was still in there, latent. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At any moment Agustín gets up.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Gustavo, the bass player of the band, arrived with Federico. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was too much for him. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He wanted to enter the room and got dizzy. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">When he was lying, he left the room and, on the verge of fainting, met Bruno, friend of the band. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Bruno sat him down and gave him water. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Then he took it from the place, to walk aimlessly. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Federico stayed next to us, torn and without understanding what had happened in his absence. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We tried to explain, explain, but we didn't find answers.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">One of the paramedical girls cried silently. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Minutes passed, people crowded. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Some curious people who roamed the gallery spied through the open door of the room. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">A policeman at the door took them away from the place. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Endless minutes passed. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Give Augustine! </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At one point, the auxiliaries stopped working and began to store their things. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We looked at them, waiting for someone to finally tell us something, although we already knew it. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">“What's up doctor? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">What happens?". </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The doctor shook his head from side to side, denying. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">No words were needed.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We hug each other. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There was no comfort. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin had gone there. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He knocked on the door and spotted it ajar. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He walked faithfully, convinced, he didn't need anything else to be there. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was his dream and it melted in his hands. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">With one hand on the guitar and another on the microphone. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">So fleeting and simple. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego came over to say goodbye with tears in his eyes.</span></span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">“Look what you did Agu. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">See you. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Thank you, I love you brother. ”</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin Briolini left at the door of his heaven.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Quarter to eight. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Quarter to eight? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I do not remember. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Time did not matter a damn. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There was no comfort, no words. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There was no plan. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">They were just silent sobs, mine and others. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego shouted into the air: "Sons of a bitch." </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The piercing scream rumbled on the walls of the room. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin was still lying on the floor and we didn't want to leave him alone. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The police arrived with prosecutors, and they recommended that we go out. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">While we were leaving the room, we thought that someone had to call Nora, her mother, to tell her what had happened.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It took me a while to take courage to do it, how do you tell a mother who has just lost her son? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Life never prepared me for that and I still feel guilt. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Diego was a ghost, Gustavo was gone. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I felt I had no other choice. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia found Augustine's phone above a speaker and heard it ring. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was Nestor, the father. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia attended and told them to come quickly. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Before breaking, he handed the cell phone to me to talk.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Someone had already told them that Agustin had had a problem but had not yet been told that he was gone. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Nora, the mother, asked to speak with him. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I told him I couldn't talk to him, to come urgently. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He insisted again. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">"Where is my son? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Pass me with Agu. ” </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I told him to come quickly, he told me he was on his way. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He asked me again for his son. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I cut the call.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Little by little the public arrived. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Many learned as they arrived, with the commotion of ambulances and police at the closed doors of the theater. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We stayed inside, sitting in a hall, waiting for his parents, his brothers, his family to arrive. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">What the hell had happened? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">There were so many things to explain and we didn't know what to say or how to say it. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">They came one by one and our eyes didn't need words. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">When Ezekiel arrived he didn't know what had happened. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Our eyes were withering. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We all burst into tears again. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It would be nothing more than the beginning of an endless day.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Nora arrived a while later. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Some of us had entered the room to pick up some things. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">From the top of the stage we saw how Nora entered with Nestor. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The room was a sudden silence until Nora burst into anger to slowly approach her son. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Nestor held her from behind. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Nora walked towards Agus and asked him to get up. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We walked away from the room to leave them alone.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Outside the people who were arriving were finding out what was happening. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Not even we understood what was happening. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The situation was much bigger. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">People arrived and crowded at the doors. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Some friends were adding up and were perplexed by what was lived. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">How did Agustín die? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At this point, everything looked like a work of black comedy.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Inside we all gathered around Nora, who had left the room and sat in the hall, welcomed us and hugged us all. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At that moment, between the confusion and the fear I felt for what was happening, I apologized. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I felt guilty because I had been the person who had put him there, in that theater, in that record presentation. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He had lost a friend. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">But he had also asked for confidence in the decision. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Everything looked like it was planned, that it was in control. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">That we decided step by step what touched us. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was mine and it was ours. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was our choice to be there doing what we were doing. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Confident, confident. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">In a second, a part of me had also died. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I was never the same again.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It was my fault, it had been a disaster. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Nora calmed me and shut me up. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He hugged me and told me not to say anything else. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The shock was deep. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Cecilia was sitting on the stairs, pale. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I approached her and we merged into a hug. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">We sat and little by little other friends who gave us strength approached.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I ripped the sheet of the poem stuck on the wall. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I read it out loud: </span></span><br />
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">“I am salt when I run to you, the salt that I cry when you leave. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I am salt, sometimes of happiness, and what I transpire when I look back. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I am salt that is part of the sea, the salt that caresses you and leaves me breathless. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I am salt of my fragility, the same that I teach to love and to be one with the sea. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">To walk in a circle when you leave. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I am salt because tears and laughter have the same flavor when you are here. ”</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It had been a few hours and I couldn't help smiling pale. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The tears on my cheeks that fell violently, made me come back to the words again and again. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">To each one who joined our round I read fragments of the poem. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">"The salt that I cry when you leave," "The salt that caresses you and leaves me breathless," "To walk in a circle when you leave," "Tear and laughter have the same knowledge when you're here."</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I thought Agustin had written a farewell letter. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I had everything planned. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">How to understand it but? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Or is it simply the way we caress ourselves to make it more bearable? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It seemed that we had all gathered there to see it go. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Or it is just a way of explaining the inexplicable.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">People go through our lives. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It is a universal constant. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">People who enter and leave our lives. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Some leave love in us; </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">others, hate, joys, sorrows, frustrations. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">In short, with all we learn something. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Even in the most painful situation in the world, we learn.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin lived up all his life and died on top of a stage, the same that so many frustrations and joys brought him to his life. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">When there are still people who go through this masked life, living a life that does not belong to them, trying to like people who are only interested in appearances, fulfilling family mandates and treasuring poisonous relationships. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Even so, Augustine had the wisdom to get rid of prejudices. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He, whether successful or not, was going to be what he wanted to be. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">You shone like the echo in the mountain when you sighed like that. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Thus, we had learned to choose. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">But those choices were our conviction. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Perhaps it is simply that universe that chooses to hit us to show us the truth.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I've spent so many sleepless nights thinking what the hell I was doing there, that November 23, in the presentation of my friends' album, what the hell I had to see in all that. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I could never understand it. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">The nights were long, the dawn always surprised me in the silent prison, in the white of the ceiling of my room, in the darkness of my eyelids. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">At dawn I will be thinking of you. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I relived the moment countless times, the situation that we all had to live that November 23. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It is necessary to get into the facts but the meaning is always more important. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">What happened happened. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">But why?</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Endless nights I plunged into a maze of spirals, windows and doors. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I touched them all, I felt them, I felt them, only to find myself again at the starting point. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">A dark room that, by force of mystery, took me to the depths of my mind to find an answer that would explain everything.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">In depression we look for meanings, in happiness we breathe.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">That is why, still four years after what happened with Agustín, in the lethargy of his absence, I still spend sleepless nights thinking about what happened that had to happen. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin thought it all, I imagine. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin did not know what was happening, but deep down he did. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin came to tell us something, he complied, was that it? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I can't know because someday our paths will come back together and I think it's going to be the first thing I'm going to ask.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I try to wake up every day from this dream, from this dream of being a person who knew him, from the dream of a person who lived in the hopelessness of trying to be in a world where it is better to appear to be. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He was, at his best. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">It is not a comfort to me or anyone. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">His physical presence was as or stronger than his spiritual presence. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">He was everything he wanted to be and left so much love going around that it becomes difficult to continue without that guidance. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I try to wake up from this dream every day, I try to find it. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I feel him close, his hug and his smile. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I try to wake up from the dream of being a person who was there that day. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Why did I have to live what I had to live? </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I can never explain it. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">They are consolations that at this point are absurd. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">I try to wake up from sleep, to tell what happened.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin left and we still don't know what happened. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Agustin left and his cause still sleeps, prey to neglect and neglect. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Hostage to the cunning of some and the misery of others, oblivion of those responsible. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Sadness of family and friends. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">Four years later, many questions remain. </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">But only one continues to take away our sleep.</span></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 21px; overflow-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;">What happened to Agustín Briolini?</span></div>
</div>
<i><br /></i>
<i><br /></i>APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-43541662812802124052019-10-01T20:12:00.000-07:002019-10-02T06:57:40.382-07:00Do You Know What the Hell You're Doing?Yesterday at <a href="https://www.facebook.com/events/558034401405881/" target="_blank">The Art of Mass Gatherings: Temporary Electrical Systems Workshop</a> in Denver, an attendee asked a great question. She wanted some language to tactfully ask a live event electrician or technician whether or not they were qualified to do the job. I think she asked specifically for terms she could use to have an intelligent conversation about it. Now that I've had more time to think about it, here's what I would suggest. Just ask one question.<br />
<br />
"Are you a certified electrician?"<br />
<br />
Better yet, if you want to be more specific you can ask if they are ETCP certified. The standards-making body in the live event production industry is ESTA (Entertainment Services Technology Association), and they started the Entertainment Technician Certification Program in 2006 to certify riggers and electricians by passing a rigorous exam. ETCP certified technicians have demonstrated that they have a certain level of knowledge of the craft and that they are qualified in the field. Anyone who is ETCP certified will be able to show a certificate or a certification card.<br />
<br />
If someone is not ETCP certified, that doesn't necessarily mean that they are not qualified, but unless you know the right questions to ask, there is no reliable way of knowing. You can't just say, "Do you really know what the hell you're doing?" Well, I suppose you can, but don't be surprised if someone takes offense at that. On the other hand, "Are you ETCP certified" is a polite way of saying the same thing.<br />
<br />
If the answer to your question is something like, "I have (fill in the blank) years of experience in the industry doing this," just remember this: Experience doesn't always teach the right lessons. I see examples of that all too often. Just yesterday I witnessed an experienced electrician open a 100-amp switch with zero personal protective equipment. He's probably done it hundreds of times, but that doesn't make it safe. He was so lackadaisical about it that I think he made it more hazardous. I'm sure he knows not to touch the live parts but something could happen that is out of his control. What if there is a malfunction or a rodent gets between the live conductors?<br />
<br />
Experience is an asset but the combination of good training and experience is a powerful combination, and if someone is truly competent, they should be willing to prove it by taking the certification exam.<br />
<br />
If you are an event producer, party planner, or festival organizer, don't you want some reassurance that the people who are responsible for minimizing rigging and electrical hazards are qualified to take on that responsibility? Of course you do.<br />
<br />
If you're a live event professional, don't you want to demonstrate that you are qualified for the job? Of course you do. Check out ETCP certification at <a href="http://www.etcp.esta.org./">www.etcp.esta.org.</a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhauAkI_59lzq13b1e-UD_8vZcir11ey0jCoCzKZ2CTgXq9__s6xVIhne42kJ3HFuXnf4pMmO4gAb5YIIevx4J5kIqQHT5gth0AG0HOoOcY1cwdx9Xcmx76zzGmCkwp9oVUiU_wZmqUfXmi/s1600/etcp+certified.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhauAkI_59lzq13b1e-UD_8vZcir11ey0jCoCzKZ2CTgXq9__s6xVIhne42kJ3HFuXnf4pMmO4gAb5YIIevx4J5kIqQHT5gth0AG0HOoOcY1cwdx9Xcmx76zzGmCkwp9oVUiU_wZmqUfXmi/s1600/etcp+certified.png" /></a></div>
<br />APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-5713865233746124032019-09-16T19:47:00.001-07:002019-09-18T13:55:13.884-07:00Disaster Averted on Big Corporate EventThe day after we set up a big stage for a corporate event, I came in early in the morning to check the power distribution system, just to make sure it was okay. Once everything was powered up, I grabbed my infrared camera and walked around scanning all of the distros. I found one cam-lock connector that was running a bit hot, but not hot enough to be too disconcerting. But then I came across another connector that was reading 97.6<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">˚C (207.7</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">˚ F), which is very close to its rating of 105</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">˚ C (221</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">˚ F). I checked the current flowing through the conductor and it was only 221 amps, well below its 400-amp capacity, yet it was uncomfortably close to exceeding the temperature rating of the connector and of the conductor. </span>I wasn't sure whether the problem was with the connector or the power distro. I mean, it's possible that the termination inside of the power distro was loose and the heat was conducting to the cable. I didn't want to raise a red flag until I was sure it was a big enough problem to warrant action. I decided to wait and watch the connector closely. I came back an hour later and checked the temperature again. It had risen to 112.8˚ C! Now was the time for action.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCyHS0M7W76ZjdWvYquNvK_la8vDYcjpFJIJ1yrumljW4Ss9GXbLitsuZcaLG7pXfL-6W7_zKuj1fo-4PikCLtdDpjEQMRIu6OuP0uJGSXNGE6alOSpnWDPwo129Bh57LcqOTk6Sjefwks/s1600/20190910T083249.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="480" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCyHS0M7W76ZjdWvYquNvK_la8vDYcjpFJIJ1yrumljW4Ss9GXbLitsuZcaLG7pXfL-6W7_zKuj1fo-4PikCLtdDpjEQMRIu6OuP0uJGSXNGE6alOSpnWDPwo129Bh57LcqOTk6Sjefwks/s640/20190910T083249.JPG" width="480" /></a><span style="text-align: center;">I notified the lighting tech who ran the crew who installed the system. Once I explained the problem, he agreed that we had to do something. He then notified another lighting tech, and I overheard the second tech say, "We don't need to do a thing. That feeder is well under 400 amps." I got a pit in my stomach. I was unsure who had more authority, but I knew that if we didn't do anything we were heading for disaster. </span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-align: center;">But I didn't have time to react before the second tech confronted me and asked what the problem was. "Let me show you a picture," I said. I pulled out my iPhone with the IR scan of the connector showing a temperature of 112.8</span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">˚</span> </span><span style="text-align: center;">C. I knew by the stern look on his face that he recognized the problem. He agreed that we needed to change the cable at the first available opportunity. </span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-align: center;">We waited until lunch, when rehearsals would be over, and once we changed the cable, the temperature dropped down to about 35</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">˚C and everything was fine.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Although the connector is rated 105</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">˚ C, the lug inside of the power distro is likely rated at only 90</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">˚ C. I've never seen one rated higher than that. So even though the first temperature measurement was below the 105</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">˚ C rating of the cam-lock connector, I would have opted to swap out the cable even if the temperature had not risen. Luckily, I didn't have to work very hard to convince the crew to swap it. Disaster averted.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">By the way, the tool I used to scan the distro was a Flir One, which is an attachment for the iPhone (also available for Android). It cost $400 for the Pro version, and it's well worth it. You can buy a laser pointed thermometer, but it would have been much more challenging to find the problem quickly with that instrument. There were five feeder transformers and 10 or 12 distros. Scanning all of the cam-lock connectors with a laser beam would have taken a very long time. The IR camera picks up the entire distro in one view, and you can see the relative temperature of all five cam-lock connectors at a glance. If one looks hotter than the other, then you can zoom in and read the temperature of an individual connector, which is how I found this problem.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style><style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style><br />
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:roman;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:swiss;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-84896517374424320502019-09-12T18:57:00.002-07:002019-09-12T18:57:15.451-07:00Don't Let Your Power Distro Fool YouI love power distros with built-in panel meters. You can tell at a glance what the incoming voltage and frequency is so you won't blow up any of your gear before you turn on the circuit breakers, and you can monitor the current with the push of a button. But don't make the mistake of thinking that you're power distribution gear is safe as long as the current on the meter doesn't exceed the ampacity of the feeder cable if you have more than one distro linked in a daisy chain because the on-board meter only reads the current being used by loads connected to the output of that distro, not the current passing through it. If you have feeder cable coming into the rack and feeder cable connected to the pass-throughs, the current coming into the rack is the combination of the current being used by the loads connected to the rack and the current being used by all of the downstream distros. You could, for example, have 300 amps being used by the first distro, and 200 amps being used by the second distro, and your feeder cable will be passing 500 amps but the amp meter will read 300 amps. Don't be fooled!<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipqV0FnPJJKgUIJ_pgXqUDt8sGOQyn0SjLHn-Rs6rzgmPoI8WucjaWM4icu_dz6Dd8YYI2VJk9-NjzTuFlkNLQV5sUM9_zS8w77GIm5dkoNnLAZm8_ts9AAvqQJIs-C3jWSwXu6uLNFFeH/s1600/meter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipqV0FnPJJKgUIJ_pgXqUDt8sGOQyn0SjLHn-Rs6rzgmPoI8WucjaWM4icu_dz6Dd8YYI2VJk9-NjzTuFlkNLQV5sUM9_zS8w77GIm5dkoNnLAZm8_ts9AAvqQJIs-C3jWSwXu6uLNFFeH/s640/meter.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-49678205528556804762019-08-22T15:25:00.002-07:002019-09-07T05:11:18.313-07:00What's Your EQ? Part 1What's your Entertainment Quotient?<br />
<br />
I saw an article called "You're a Tech Superstar If You Know What All of These Acronyms Mean" on Inc.com, so I started thinking about all the acronyms we use in live event production. See how many of these acronyms you know and find out if you're a live event production superstar.<br />
<br />
1. DMX<br />
a. digital micro transmission<br />
b. dynamic multichannel transmission<br />
c. digital multiplexing<br />
d. data multigram crossing<br />
<br />
2. RDM<br />
a. remote dynamic multigram<br />
b. resistive data mirroring<br />
c. random data movement<br />
d. remote device management<br />
<br />
3. sACN<br />
a. signal acceptance closed networking<br />
b. streaming ACN<br />
c. streaming algorithm crossing network<br />
d. slow advanced control networking<br />
<br />
4. CAT<br />
a. short for category<br />
b. cryptic advanced technology<br />
c. short for cataloging<br />
d. closed architecture technology<br />
<br />
5. UTP<br />
a. unencrypted transmission protocol<br />
b. unidirectional transmission protocol<br />
c. unshielded twisted pair<br />
d. united technical programming<br />
<br />
6. 1000BaseT<br />
a. 1000 megabit per second baseband transmission<br />
b. 1000 megabyte per second baseband transmission<br />
c. 1000 bit per second baud rate transmission<br />
d. 1000 gigabit per second baseband transmission<br />
<br />
7. GbE<br />
a. gigabyte extratransmission<br />
b. gigabaud Ethernet<br />
c. gigabit Ethernet<br />
d. greyband electronica<br />
<br />
8. RJ45<br />
a. really jigged 45<br />
b. reactive jack 45<br />
c. registered jack 45<br />
d. resistive jargon 45<br />
<br />
9. L6-20<br />
a. lifted-ground 6-pin, 20-amp connector<br />
b. locking 6-pin, 20-amp connector<br />
c. locking 250V, 20-amp connector<br />
d. locking 6V, 20-amp connector<br />
<br />
10. SSID<br />
a. strong signal identity<br />
b. solid-state identifier<br />
c. sideband signal intensity data<br />
d. service set identifier<br />
<br />
Answers:<br />
1. DMX - Digital multiplexing came out of the telegraph industry way back at the end of the 19th century. The USITT created DMX512 for the control of dimmers in 1986, and at the time, some people thought that because the baud rate is 250,000 bits per second, that it was too slow to use with moving lights. We've been using it to control all manner of lighting instruments and effects ever since. By today's standards, DMX is very slow, yet we still use it because, as long as you follow recommended practices, it's very reliable, and if there's one thing we value in this industry, it's reliability. (See <a href="https://tsp.esta.org/tsp/documents/published_docs.php" target="_blank">"Recommended Practice for DMX512, 2nd Edition" by Adam Bennette.</a>)<br />
<br />
2. RDM - Remote Device Management is a protocol that came out in 2006, but it's only recently become a popular way to remotely configure and monitor lighting instruments and other devices, probably because of the availability of very good and affordable RMD tools like the DMXcat from City Theatrical. If you haven't used it yet, you owe it to yourself to try it out. The vast majority of theatrical lighting fixtures being manufactured today respond to RDM.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY-ORMNDETLwlUjbXXX4M-_WLnnK7dPAGJwnyi9Fr1y9jmCNoRID4FutqMGjo0ueyFTjjXLjtmhabvIR1kjM4nMDazbgS7HUGfTiXwZKNTc-NVa8cNQhqtVKjAZPk_m8h9kopWSGFoA06p/s1600/DMXcat+in+pocket.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1515" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY-ORMNDETLwlUjbXXX4M-_WLnnK7dPAGJwnyi9Fr1y9jmCNoRID4FutqMGjo0ueyFTjjXLjtmhabvIR1kjM4nMDazbgS7HUGfTiXwZKNTc-NVa8cNQhqtVKjAZPk_m8h9kopWSGFoA06p/s200/DMXcat+in+pocket.jpg" width="189" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
3. sACN - Streaming ACN is a protocol that was introduced in 2008, but it's recently been gaining in popularity. It's simply a way of transporting multiple universes of DMX over an Ethernet network, much like Art-Net or any number of proprietary protocols like ETCnet, but it uses a multicasting, which makes efficient use of the available bandwidth, and IGMP, which makes it plug-and-play.<br />
<br />
4. CAT - Short for category. Ethernet cable is categorized according to its bandwidth and how it is constructed. Over the years, cable manufacturers have found ways to increase bandwidth by using certain materials and construction techniques to minimize capacitance. Today, Cat 5, Cat 5e (enhanced Cat 5), Cat 6, and Cat 6a (augmented Cat 6) are commonly used. Cat 8 was ratified in 2016 but it's very rare in the entertainment industry.<br />
<br />
5. UTP - Unshielded twisted pair is Ethernet cable without a shield. Shielded twisted pair has more bandwidth but it costs more and it not as flexible as UTP.<br />
<br />
6. 1000BaseT - 1000 bit per second baseband transmission using twisted pair copper wire, or more commonly called gigabit Ethernet. Baseband transmission means that there is no carrier signal like radio and television broadcasts use.<br />
<br />
7. GbE - Gigabit Ethernet, which is 1000 megabit per second transmission. (See #6 above.)<br />
<br />
8. RJ45 - Registered jack 45 is a type of receptacle for an 8-pin 8-conductor (8P8C) connector. An 8P8C connector is a small plastic connector with a little plastic tab that we commonly refer to as an RJ45 connector, but technically, it's only the jack that is an RJ45.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Uncrimped_rj-45_connector_close-up.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="800" height="149" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Uncrimped_rj-45_connector_close-up.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />
9. L6-20 - Locking connector rated 250V 20-amps. The designation comes from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA).<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0166/0070/products/L6-20P_large.jpg?v=1488125234" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="480" height="200" src="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0166/0070/products/L6-20P_large.jpg?v=1488125234" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />
10. SSID - Service set identifier is basically the name given to a WiFi network. Why engineers insist on creating acronyms for everything instead of just calling it the WiFi name, I'll never know.<br />
<br />
<h4>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">How did you do?</span></b></h4>
10 correct - Congratulations! You're an Entertainment Tech Superstar!<br />
7 to 9 correct - Not bad!<br />
4 to 6 correct - Could do a little better.<br />
1 to 3 correct - Needs work.<br />
0 correct - Tech emergency!<br />
<br />
TAFN<br />
Richard CadenaAPThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-71680988927598059222019-07-08T06:27:00.003-07:002019-07-08T06:55:52.902-07:003-Phase Power<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
How does 3-phase power work? Kinda like this...</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/346855052" width="640" height="305" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p><a href="https://vimeo.com/346855052">3-Phase Power</a> from <a href="https://vimeo.com/aptxl">Richard Cadena</a> on <a href="https://vimeo.com">Vimeo</a>.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
One the left is a 3-phase generator, and on the right is a visualization of the three voltage waveforms. Notice that they are al 120 degrees out of phase with each other.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-89614536775140586162019-03-29T18:35:00.004-07:002019-03-29T18:35:54.870-07:00Dangerous Adapters Still in Serviceby Eugene Palmer<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoOsw6MN_m4nZY2fwdjCmKcIC37rexlYPc_5HSnVBnSxCnQGCDPlG3GEA5Sp89nyrEN7ejhCSPHftBY_d1fSpcbd_BxhSpzkswBitJh17rP7vbFGeAbmKdAvuW4hsrIOUczYM5cxgAWzpO/s1600/Adapter.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoOsw6MN_m4nZY2fwdjCmKcIC37rexlYPc_5HSnVBnSxCnQGCDPlG3GEA5Sp89nyrEN7ejhCSPHftBY_d1fSpcbd_BxhSpzkswBitJh17rP7vbFGeAbmKdAvuW4hsrIOUczYM5cxgAWzpO/s640/Adapter.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Why is it that rigging companies are often the most flagrant violators of electrical safety? They seem appropriately concerned with safe loads, fall arrest and training, but then send out the most terrifically illegal and genuinely dangerous electrical equipment.<br />
<br />
I am speaking of the Cam-Lock to L16-50 or their even more dangerous little brother the L21-30, adapters that continue to show up from rigging suppliers. These adapters typically have stripped back 10/5 or 8/4 SO with the individual single jacketed conductors then inserted into male Cam-Lock connectors.<br />
<br />
There are numerous dangers with this adapter-<br />
<br />
They are physically under-protected because the individual conductor jackets are only the internal single jacket not meant for rough service and easily nicked or cut into.<br />
<br />
They are physically under-protected because no Cam-Lock is designed for conductors that thin, and fillers used to increase fit are not designed for the physical or electrical load. The allen set screws are usually screwed in past the threads and stripped.<br />
<br />
They are electrically under-protected because they are inevitably connected to anywhere from 100 to 400 amp services whose circuit breakers are more than 25 feet away.<br />
<br />
They violate both the spirit and several sections of NFPA code.<br />
<br />
So, when a single 10 gauge conductor with its thin jacket gets brushed against a road case burr, or crushed under a pipe and drape base with its sharp edge, the resulting potential’s only safety stop is a 400 amp breaker up in the catwalk, or down the vom and around the corner 150’ in a locked vault only hotel engineers have access to (as is the case today), or worse. The resulting shock to anyone electrically near, or the resulting flash from touching a grounded piece of hardware, is extremely dangerous and difficult to control or stop. That breaker is probably not going to trip, and that cable is probably going to erupt in flames, and any person involved is probably going to have serious or fatal burns, and the only way to stop it would be for a an available person to go switch the power off.<br />
<br />
While it is possible that riggers themselves are unaware of this danger, rigging shops certainly know, and further, rigging trainers certainly know. So why does this equipment persist? I imagine it is the age-old simple answer that it is easier and cheaper so therefore the safety considerations are ignored. Simple and reasonably priced alternatives are readily available in the form of small ‘lunch-box” power distribution units that have Cam-Lock inputs and properly sized circuit breaking outlets. Since most rigging companies have specific connector configurations. I won’t try to specify one, except to say that Lex Products and Motion Laboratories both offer custom configurations for their small form-factor distribution boxes. Probably about $1000, maybe more, but please put them in your rental inventory and get rid of those adapters.<br />
<br />
I am not a confrontational person by nature, but if there were any extreme by which I would refuse to connect and service a production as an ETCP certified electrician, it is this one. By supplying this sub-standard equipment rigging suppliers put me and other responsible electricians in the very hot seat of possible load-in stoppage when we demand compliance to clearly mandated standards. Compare this to an ETCP certified rigger refusing to load a show in because all the motors are years out of inspection with rusty chains. It is not that different, it is equipment seriously and dangerously out of compliance that jeopardizes the health and safety of workers and public, though in this case probably more the workers. I am refusing to connect these adapters and have so far not had to stop a load-in because I know where house L21-30 outlets or other alternatives are, but there will come a time.<br />
<br />
Rather than put this sort of industry criticism up on social media, I thought I would start with a more personal and direct approach to a few people I could locate on the web since my point is not to cause trouble, it is to get results. These adapters must be taken out of service. Please forward to the appropriate supervisory persons in your companys rental department and industry members as you see fit.<br />
<br />
However, this is not the first time I have made an appeal to industry, and I am still seeing these adapters. The next step is social media or commercial publications, where I am sure you will be scorched far worse than anything I could come up with. Please, as ESTA, USITT and ETCP associated people with dedicated concerns for industry safety, make this stop. If you already have and I am bothering you with known solutions, I apologize, but I bet you all still have them.<br />
<br />
Sincerely,<br />
<br />
Eugene Palmer<br />
IATSE Local 107<br />
Theater, Dance & Performance Studies, UC Berkeley<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGKjQVLUJtlQIHBgmvrbtDPUjP3-i1BD0m1fR_lCR8aN7Ekw4KtVsCRV5JfJI_JfuVLI2k5vPz3HZyTPiIB2ZOV1htMlf4hyP6BpwMBauuDmvw2MeFb2thSWSBcOL5Fnqrq3SNGJculn1H/s1600/Cam-Lock+to+50amp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1008" data-original-width="756" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGKjQVLUJtlQIHBgmvrbtDPUjP3-i1BD0m1fR_lCR8aN7Ekw4KtVsCRV5JfJI_JfuVLI2k5vPz3HZyTPiIB2ZOV1htMlf4hyP6BpwMBauuDmvw2MeFb2thSWSBcOL5Fnqrq3SNGJculn1H/s640/Cam-Lock+to+50amp.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<br />APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-53214112193046705482019-03-29T18:26:00.000-07:002019-03-29T18:26:09.705-07:00Why Wear Shock Protection? This is Why<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Rarely will you find me on a gig without gloves on my hands. I have a pair of Gig Gloves that I love to wear when I'm unloading trucks, a pair of buffalo skin gloves that I wear when I'm working around energized electrical cables, and a pair of voltage-rated rubber gloves that I wear when there is a possibility of electric shock (inside the restricted approach boundary for you who speak NFPA 70E). I'm always careful to meter power as far downstream in the power distribution system as I can because, the closer you are to the source of power, the greater the hazard. I cringe when I see people metering power at the camlock connectors on a portable power generator.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Recently, I was doing some research and I came across an OSHA accident report that said an employee touched live energized parts within a power generator.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
"At 1:44 p.m. on August 30, 2018, an employee opened the 480 volt 3 phase diesel powered generator's output terminal panel and lifted the output terminal cover. The employee's hand touched energized parts and received a shock through his left hand between the thumb and the index finger, and was electrocuted."</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
This is why we wear shock protection. Had he been wearing rubber gloves, he would be happily working or relaxing at home with his family today. Even if he was wearing leather gloves, he would have fared much better. Instead, he's another statistic.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
It's too late for this employee, but for the rest of us, we should learn from this. We can do better. Wear gloves!</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuDH5CCtfYRrXrHtO0Xxpzcj4PB0QWNaD0mGc4Bqo24Cmoy55fB2NYlFjm6HW0HC2_lBxqcalNwyJgXFpnN80Bd5RRQAlYjZXc0865eXejYhBuxcv-fgkMJi4i1Skmz5_z5v9A8ZVxg8RY/s1600/Electrocution+2019.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="663" data-original-width="1600" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuDH5CCtfYRrXrHtO0Xxpzcj4PB0QWNaD0mGc4Bqo24Cmoy55fB2NYlFjm6HW0HC2_lBxqcalNwyJgXFpnN80Bd5RRQAlYjZXc0865eXejYhBuxcv-fgkMJi4i1Skmz5_z5v9A8ZVxg8RY/s640/Electrocution+2019.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-21254640776749810862019-03-01T06:19:00.003-08:002019-03-01T06:22:20.126-08:00Take Time to Save a LifeAs of March 1, 2019, it's been 590 days since the last known fatal stage electrocution.<br />
<br />
Barbara Weldens was a singer who liked to perform barefooted. On July 19, 2017, she was performing at the Léo Ferré festival in Gourdon, France when, according to Wikipedia, she stepped on "a faulty electrical device." It cost her life.<br />
<br />
Could this have been prevented? What can we learn from the tragedy? How can we prevent similar tragedies in the future?<br />
<br />
If the report is accurate, it would seem that the fault in the equipment was broken insulation on a power cable, leading to a live exposed conductor, which is a shock hazard. If she tread barefooted on a power cable with broken insulation, then she would have completed a circuit through her body to the chassis of the handheld microphone, which is connected to the shield of the microphone cable, and that is connected to electrical ground.<br />
<br />
This illustrates the importance of visually inspecting all of your power cords and cables when you are setting them up. Had someone spotted the defective cable and removed it from service or repaired it on the spot, then Barbara Weldens would likely be alive today.<br />
<br />
That's why I like to carry a roll of self-vulcanizing silicon rubber tape. When the backing on this tape is removed and it is wrapped, it forms a chemical seal and provides a layer of electrical insulation. Depending on the brand of tape, it can offer dielectric strength of thousands of volts per wrap. If I find any defective insulation, I will take the time to wrap it with self-vulcanizing silicon rubber tape. And because it's not very durable, I will cover it with electrical tape. The combination provides electrical insulation with a more durable outer covering. It's not a permanent solution but a temporary one that could save someone's life.<br />
<br />
Defects in cable are common in live event production because of the way we handle them. We toss them around, step on them, run over them with hand trucks and fork lifts, and generally beat them up. They can end up with cuts, punctures, slices, abrasions, cracks, and other defects. Insulation is made of polymer, which is a form of plastic. As soon it's made, the insulation starts to break down naturally because of oxidation, moisture (leading to hydrolytic breakdown), heat (leading to thermal degradation), mechanical stress (leading to loss in tensile properties), the effects of light (especially UV), chemical breakdown (due to atmospheric pollutants like oil residue on the surface of streets), biological breakdown (fungi, mold, etc.), ultrasonic breakdown, and more.<br />
<br />
Self-vulcanizing silicon rubber tape is offered by a number of manufacturers under a variety of trade names including <a href="https://www.rescuetape.com/" target="_blank">Rescue Tape</a>, <a href="http://www.f4tape.com/" target="_blank">F4 Tape</a>, <a href="https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/company-us/all-3m-products/~/Scotch-Self-Fusing-Silicone-Rubber-Electrical-Tape-70/?N=5002385+8710676+3292437112&preselect=8710748&rt=rud" target="_blank">Tape 70</a>, and FixIt Tape. The price ranges from about $3.50 per roll (in packs of six) to about $18 per roll. You can find it at your local home improvement store or online.<br />
<br />
Take the time to make sure your power distribution equipment is free from defects and you could save a life.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://haanji.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/French-singer-Barbara-Weldens-35-suddenly-collapses-and-dies-on-stage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="638" height="352" src="https://haanji.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/French-singer-Barbara-Weldens-35-suddenly-collapses-and-dies-on-stage.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-38099077997142668022019-02-01T18:55:00.001-08:002019-02-01T18:55:23.137-08:00To Code or Not To Code?<i>Question: "I'm making some PowerCon and True1 jumpers, and I just realized that type S cable does not fit inside of the connectors. I know that, according to the National Electrical Code, we're not supposed to be using type SJ cable. What gives?"</i><br />
<br />
PowerCon and True1 power connectors have become very popular in live event production, and many lighting fixtures now use one or the other. They work well, especially in touring applications where the gear is traveling to other parts of the world where the connectors are different. In the old days we would have to rewire the power cable with a new connector, and now we can simply change the entire cable without any tools. But you're right about these connectors not accepting the thicker type S cable, but they do work with type SJ.<br />
<br />
Type S is what's known as "extra hard usage" cable. It's designed to be routed on the floor, and it can be stepped on, run over with a forklift, and generally abused and it will hold up well. Type SJ is "hard usage" cable, and it's not designed to be stepped on or run over by a forklift. It's supposed to be protected from that stuff.<br />
<br />
It's true that the National Electrical Code says that, in theatres, audience areas of motion picture and television studios, performance areas, and similar locations, flexible cords and cables, including extensions, should be listed, extra hard usage cords and cables (i.e., type S). However, it also says that listed hard usage cords and cables (type SJ) are allowed for use as power cables on fixtures as long as they are not longer than 2 meters (6.6 feet), it mates to a listed, panel-mount connector on the fixture, it's protected by a circuit breaker or fuse not more than 20 amps, the fixture is a listed device, and the cord is "not subject to physical damage."<br />
<br />
It also says you can use type SJ for Socapex breakouts as long as the longest cord in the breakout assembly is not longer than 6 meters (20 feet), they are attached to a pipe, truss, tower, scaffold, or some other structure to protect them from physical damage, and they are protected by fuses or circuit breakers not more than 20 amps. Lastly, type SJ cable can be used for two-fers as long as they are not over 2 meters (6.6 feet) long.<br />
<br />
Of course, if you make your own adapters, they will not be listed, so they will not be code compliant. There are manufacturers who make and sell listed adapters, so now that you know the code, you can make an informed decision about what to do. Be safe!<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0MmO6bWSrtJf7dzG1uq5z48Ihn1BvtfL2TPHzwtK-RGf633S4MKO-K2VxdZuEBs0VPqO0mMpu7k3Xw8TDN18jEBgn0laWEcw1Kp-g_kcW7i3SSeYhSy-ewr6T6m7aoMi_TefKd-GgqWpm/s1600/powercon+adapter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="700" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0MmO6bWSrtJf7dzG1uq5z48Ihn1BvtfL2TPHzwtK-RGf633S4MKO-K2VxdZuEBs0VPqO0mMpu7k3Xw8TDN18jEBgn0laWEcw1Kp-g_kcW7i3SSeYhSy-ewr6T6m7aoMi_TefKd-GgqWpm/s320/powercon+adapter.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-67925888215553498942019-01-12T06:41:00.000-08:002019-01-12T06:41:02.643-08:00Classic, Futuristic LightingIf you thought you saw a Vari-Lite VL5 on the High End Systems booth at LDI 2018, you're not alone.<br />
<br />
For the uninitiated, <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">he VL5 was a classic moving yoke color wash fixture from the last millennium (1992, to be exact) and it had a most distinctive look. Instead of a lens on the face of the head, there was this radial tilting dichroic color mixing apparatus punctuated by a small metal cover in the center that made it look like a big pupil or a jet engine. It was the closest thing to Cadillac fins that the lighting industry ever had.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">But you didn't see a VL5 at LDI, you saw the retro/futuristic TurboRay, the latest innovation from High End and Richard Belliveau. The fixture takes a fresh approach to a classic idea, updating it with a four-celled RGBW LED engine, gobos, variable frost, and a zoom lens. The effects it produces are unique, and the combination of the very narrow to super wide beam, the digital breakup, and the ability to create a four-color beam emanating from the head create a looks you've never seen. But the real eye-catcher are the tilting radial dichroics. They have been updated with optical edging to creates a sort of light-pipe that enhances the trapezoidal shapes and adds color to the edges of the filters.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">I'm looking forward to seeing what Roy Bennett or some other very creative LD will do with them. My guess is that he would put them on a show by the dozens but the emphasis just might be the lights themselves rather than the beams they throw. But we'll have to wait until the Spring to see any of them on any show because they aren't shipping yet. Word is that they will start shipping sometime in the first half of 2019. In the meanwhile, I hope to see you at <a href="http://esta.org/ESTA/namm_education.php" target="_blank">NAMM</a> in January.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK-yLSQGca5WBVArzkIR4ZsHQbG32MfvjwPrMeEcrrCFTQhueMZNT9KiKDIZxxE0tJ21ehyYw1m6gRCXLz7pbTUesOJiXLkZUKsbKufD1TsBeySSUZKaVwzrn3Gpig4LMiFQQWa941hGjb/s1600/IMG_8593.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK-yLSQGca5WBVArzkIR4ZsHQbG32MfvjwPrMeEcrrCFTQhueMZNT9KiKDIZxxE0tJ21ehyYw1m6gRCXLz7pbTUesOJiXLkZUKsbKufD1TsBeySSUZKaVwzrn3Gpig4LMiFQQWa941hGjb/s640/IMG_8593.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8KX3Umn5x5YLnafadZ2NhjS48Yfa4G08SbfDyGFoGU8keMi23Qc-gIgDjP7mNvkRUGnt2t1GGaW5yYWGXOE_E3I2ojMFdsOkTqouXK1AXpgiK8PKp3DhfcdD-A8GIghJ2z39VXCVva7nZ/s1600/IMG_8707.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8KX3Umn5x5YLnafadZ2NhjS48Yfa4G08SbfDyGFoGU8keMi23Qc-gIgDjP7mNvkRUGnt2t1GGaW5yYWGXOE_E3I2ojMFdsOkTqouXK1AXpgiK8PKp3DhfcdD-A8GIghJ2z39VXCVva7nZ/s640/IMG_8707.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-27930735869639556632018-12-30T09:08:00.004-08:002018-12-30T13:40:00.551-08:00Zzzz....Did you get enough sleep last night? If you work in live event production, the chances are you did not. Between our busy production schedules and the culture of "the show must go on," too often we are an industry of sleep-deprived individuals doing the best we can to make it to the next day off and hoping to catch up on our much-needed beauty rest.<br />
<br />
It's a problem that was a major topic of discussion at the <a href="http://eventsafetyalliance.org/" target="_blank">Event Safety Alliance</a>'s <a href="http://eventsafetyalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ESA-ESS18-Program-V5.pdf" target="_blank">Safety Summit</a>, which was recently held at Rock Lititz. The problem is that chronic sleep deprivation can lead to serious health problems, reduced cognition, temper tantrums, and, as a result, increased risk of accidents. There's a great Ted Talks video by Claudia Aguirre called <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/claudia_aguirre_what_would_happen_if_you_didn_t_sleep?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">"What would happen if you didn't sleep?"</a><br />
<br />
Interestingly enough, in another Ted Talk by Jessica Gamble called <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/jessa_gamble_how_to_sleep?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare" target="_blank">"Our natural sleep cycle is nothing like what we do now,"</a> she talks about what has been learned from sleep studies. It turns out that when people are allowed to listen to their own body clocks and live without natural light (which allows them to sleep without even knowing what time it is), they tend to sleep from 8PM to midnight, wake for a couple of hours, and then sleep again from about 2AM to sunrise. Does that cycle sound familiar? If you've ever done a concert tour, you might have been lucky enough to catch some shut-eye during the show, typically 8PM to around midnight, load out, then go back to sleep again from 2AM until breakfast. Lucky you.<br />
<br />
For the rest of us, it's time we seek solutions to this pervasive problem. There are no easy answers, but solving hard problems is what the live event production industry specializes in.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBLlTplxULWsSqrUEihfD_tFOrfT9keOFSVZpFWjM9O2JwQcfwXGFRBzfCQMYMw4YCkNl7omOZqqqoqB5RfVXChro1Y4Ws8aRYWroTXHvfLGmik92ljRo8EQf5bbS50x_EJhFTGhQvzA1/s1600/DSC_5512.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="887" data-original-width="1600" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBLlTplxULWsSqrUEihfD_tFOrfT9keOFSVZpFWjM9O2JwQcfwXGFRBzfCQMYMw4YCkNl7omOZqqqoqB5RfVXChro1Y4Ws8aRYWroTXHvfLGmik92ljRo8EQf5bbS50x_EJhFTGhQvzA1/s640/DSC_5512.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Event Safety Summit 2018 - Sleep deprivation and its consequences was a major topic of discussion.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-1610660589251969142018-12-09T08:46:00.004-08:002018-12-09T08:46:49.618-08:00Line Loss: Easy as 1, 2, 3Today, we had a power lab (hands-on workshop) at Dadco Power and Light in Sun Valley, California. This is an annual event hosted by IATSE Local 728 for their members, and the owner of the company, Ron Dahlquist, generously provides space and gear. As part of the workshop, I wanted to demonstrate voltage drop (a.k.a. line loss). What is voltage drop? I'm glad you asked.<br />
<br />
Every time you connect a load and turn it on, the supply voltage is applied to the circuit, but some of the voltage is dropped across the wiring, and what's left is applied to the load. The amount of voltage that is dropped across the conductors depends on the amount of current flowing through them and the resistance of the conductors. If the current is too high, or if the conductors are too small or too long, then too much voltage will be dropped and not enough applied to the load. How do you figure out ahead of time if that's the case? You're awfully curious, and I like that.<br />
<br />
According to Ohm's law, the voltage that is dropped across the conductors is the current times the resistance of the wire. In the back of the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70), there is a table that gives you the resistance of copper wire based on the length and the gauge. I like to use that to predict voltage drop (sometimes called line loss).<br />
<br />
At the workshop we had a setup with a 12kW tungsten lamp connected with 200' of banded feeder cable (#2 AWG). According to Chapter 9, Table 9, the resistance of 1000' of #2 AWG copper wire is 0.19 ohms. Since we had a 200' run, that means we had 400' of copper (200' to the load and 200' back to the supply). And since 400' divided by 1000' is 0.4, we calculated a total resistance of 0.076 ohms (0.19 × 0.4 = 0.076). Since the light operates at 120V, we also calculated a current of about 100 amps (12,000 ÷ 120 = 100). Therefore, we expected to measure a voltage drop of 7.6 volts.<br />
<br />
After firing up the genny, we measured the current at the generator and it was 125 volts. Then we measured the current at the load, and it was 118.6. That means we had a voltage drop of 6.4 volts.<br />
<br />
Our calculation was pretty close, but we weren't as close as Ron's estimate. Just before we measured the voltage drop, Ron whispered in my ear. "I'll bet the voltage drop is 6 volts," he said. He was closer than we were. How did he know?<br />
<br />
Ron later told me that he has a rule of thumb that comes from years of experience. He calls it the 1-2-3 rule. It says that you will get about 1 volt of line loss per 100' of 4/0 AWG cable with 100 amps, 2 volts of line loss per 100' of 2/0 AWG cable with 100 amps, or 3 volts of line loss per 100' of #2 AWG with 100 amps.<br />
<br />
The Roman historian Tacitus said, "Experience teaches." Yes, it does, but there is no better combination than experience and training.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-uIXhXWk86hGZQSNHnIsNUAaCMF2JG3WvbK96TRHrC_mEOpoHvjvc4qiNJKNlPP-6FiVylAlLnl50qrxLrzwHOfvR4lIC9UEiOJqvIT9l3FvFK4t8UX9jIoSIk3IvPoMF2YiKC3HEp86A/s1600/IMG_4999.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-uIXhXWk86hGZQSNHnIsNUAaCMF2JG3WvbK96TRHrC_mEOpoHvjvc4qiNJKNlPP-6FiVylAlLnl50qrxLrzwHOfvR4lIC9UEiOJqvIT9l3FvFK4t8UX9jIoSIk3IvPoMF2YiKC3HEp86A/s640/IMG_4999.JPG" width="480" /></a></div>
<br />APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-6502278415129176522018-09-09T17:08:00.003-07:002018-09-09T17:41:02.356-07:00Where does the electricity go?One of the joys of teaching classes and workshops is watching the expressions on people's faces when they suddenly get it. That happened the other day when one of the attendees in a class pulled me aside during a break.<br />
<br />
"I've always wondered," he said. "where the electricity goes. I thought it came back through the neutral and went into the ground."<br />
<br />
He was pointing to an illustration I had drawn of a typical circuit, and he indicated that he thought the current literally flowed into the earth where it just magically...disappeared maybe?<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKQH7dR4IR90TUoT6tH6TucQZHYd0HvYmaoJsghUfwigOgDxWgspA0Bls5RKHwNQ4xRoSV4dAauHdnYhyphenhyphenwYAQ_3LOYeq-j7VfcCS0aZzY2oe2WbXKs-UkgaaBitutpyo7UpZMx6eTImC7W/s1600/Current+Flow+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="836" data-original-width="1600" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKQH7dR4IR90TUoT6tH6TucQZHYd0HvYmaoJsghUfwigOgDxWgspA0Bls5RKHwNQ4xRoSV4dAauHdnYhyphenhyphenwYAQ_3LOYeq-j7VfcCS0aZzY2oe2WbXKs-UkgaaBitutpyo7UpZMx6eTImC7W/s320/Current+Flow+2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Of course, that's not what happens at all. The current flows in a loop starting from the supply, then through the circuit, and back to the supply again. There is just enough energy to return the current to the supply, and then it starts over again.<br />
<br />
The reason we earth our electrical systems by driving a ground rod (or using one of many other ways to connect the electrical system to the earth) is mainly for lightning protection and for a 0-volt reference, which stabilizes our voltage. If lightning strikes the building or the electrical system, the connection to the earth funnels the energy into the earth so it can be dissipated. But that connection has nothing to do with the normal path for current flow.APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-41733180055350515712018-09-09T17:01:00.001-07:002018-10-30T06:13:56.283-07:00How Much Money Should I Ask For?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh21NF3TNGyEKiSd43wNqdLStPhCqlaYlatmnSsXKHJhN73ZWi2If_D8D7dfScqJFYhUKdVgb0yYyPXZdp_XTgHHYTpocJKI8uXS8BUv0yzk9HqD_pASdUIaUkwEIiwlXlqojmv_pHNszF3/s1600/money-stack.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="445" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh21NF3TNGyEKiSd43wNqdLStPhCqlaYlatmnSsXKHJhN73ZWi2If_D8D7dfScqJFYhUKdVgb0yYyPXZdp_XTgHHYTpocJKI8uXS8BUv0yzk9HqD_pASdUIaUkwEIiwlXlqojmv_pHNszF3/s320/money-stack.png" width="320" /></a></div>
Every so often I get a couple of phone calls or emails that go something along the lines of...<br />
<br />
"How much money should I be making as a (tech, programmer, electrician, lighting designer, fill-in-the-blank)?"<br />
<br />
That's probably the hardest question to answer in the history of live event production. Information about what people earn in our industry is hard to come by. A lot of people don't like to disclose that information for whatever reason, and companies discourage employees from discussing it with other employees because if any two employees know what the other is making, chances are that one of them is going to be disappointed, hurt, or upset. This lack of information leaves us all at a disadvantage when we're negotiating compensation. Information is power.<br />
<br />
There are companies out there that focus on collecting data about average salaries and compensation based on job titles. The idea is that you should be able to type in your job title or job description and get a good idea of your market value. And knowing what the going rate for your job description is key to making sure you're being fairly compensated.<br />
<br />
I once read a blog post by best-selling author Bernard Marr, and he had a great suggestion for negotiating your salary or compensation. It's always uncomfortable when you have to decide how much to ask for a salary or pay rate. So rather than talk about how much you need to live or to support your lifestyle, it's much better to talk about the market rate for someone with your skills.<br />
<br />
The problem is that there is very little (if any) data for the live event production industry. If we had a better idea of the average hourly rates, day rates, or salaries of techs, electricians, programmers, and designers based on geographic location, then it would be much easier to negotiate a fair compensation package. Instead, we're pretty much left to our own devices and often time we are negotiating in the dark. If only we had some light!<br />
<br />
Shining some light on the subject would be easier if there was a central depository of information that was completely anonymous. Then no one would be self-conscious or fear retribution. But even with such a database, there are no guarantees that people wouldn't try to game the system by reporting higher compensation in hopes of pushing up the curve. What we really need is third party reporting. Until then, here are some ideas that might be helpful:<br />
<br />
1. Think win-win. Your compensation is a two-way street. If you want a longterm relationship, then whoever is paying you needs to be fairly compensated in terms of benefits from your endeavors or cash money.<br />
<br />
2. Think longterm. Not only do you need to earn enough money to live, but you will some day want to retire, so you should be tucking away about 15% of your income for that purpose.<br />
<br />
3. Think overhead. In addition to paying yourself, you'll also need to pay expenses and overhead that could include self-employment taxes, office supplies, utilities (that portion of which is used exclusively for your job), and more.<br />
<br />
4. Think about taxes. Uncle Sam (or the equivalent governmental entity if you live outside of the USA) will come calling every year and you have to be prepared to write a check to cover your taxes.<br />
<br />
What am I missing?<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-1427268418134166062018-09-09T16:59:00.001-07:002018-09-09T17:26:28.182-07:00Stay Ahead of the StormA couple of years ago, my daughter and I went to the X-Games in Austin for the third year in a row. We were under flash flood warnings so I was hyper-aware of the weather. The atmosphere was unstable and there were popup showers in the area. As we were watching the Skateboard Street competition, we could see a big bank of black clouds gathering in the distance. I was hoping it would go around us but I was monitoring it closely on my iPhone weather app, WeatherBug. My main concern was lightning. WeatherBug has a lightning app within the app called Spark. It uses real-time lightning data and your GPS, and it tells you how far away the closest lightning strike is to your location. Unfortunately, it didn't work when I needed it most. I knew there was lightning in the not-too-far distance but Spark just gave me a blank screen.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXN0zC_ARabGyNc1C97GzdyCEbBW4m6qTMuS-an3SeVFOZelguttu4FX6sK680m_zXCyQK_6Fez002-kLttBraiXD6QR50mL7lVckU5Cs3xKd69NunAW-cG0bXU5klHZ7TySDx8m5nTP-X/s1600/X+Games.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXN0zC_ARabGyNc1C97GzdyCEbBW4m6qTMuS-an3SeVFOZelguttu4FX6sK680m_zXCyQK_6Fez002-kLttBraiXD6QR50mL7lVckU5Cs3xKd69NunAW-cG0bXU5klHZ7TySDx8m5nTP-X/s640/X+Games.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
The X-Games is very good about monitoring the weather and making the right call. Just the day before, the entire park was evacuated to our cars while we waited out the weather. So I felt okay about staying to watch Skateboard Street even though I could see the gathering clouds. But when the announcement came over the PA to evacuate the grounds and retreat to our cars, all hell broke loose. In about less than one minute after the announcement, the skies opened up and large drops of rain pelted the scattering crowd. Everyone scrambled to gather their loved ones and their belongings and headed for the exits. Me, my daughter, and her two friends started running for the shelter of my car in the parking lot about half a mile away. Before we could go ten meters, the wind picked up and that's when I really started getting concerned.<br />
<br />
I grew up on the Texas coast and I've lived through several hurricanes, so I feel like a have a pretty good grasp of the power of hurricane-force winds. That day at the X-Games, it felt like we experienced close to hurricane-force winds. At that point, my concern shifted from lightning to wind. There were so many tents, cranes, and structures that could be blown over that I kept my head on a swivel, trying to anticipate what would happen next. At the same time, I was trying to keep my eyes glued to my daughter and her two friends, coral them, and guide them to the car without getting lost or hurt. Once I made eye contact with them, we all ran towards the parking lot. About 10 meters into our mad dash, the three of them decided to stop and seek shelter under a small pop-up tent along with about 30 other people. I understand why they did that; large drops of rain were pelting them, soaking them to the skin, and everyone else seemed to be doing it. But I wheeled back around and urged them to keep running for the car. Reluctantly, they did.<br />
<br />
We ran another 300 meters into the paddock where they house the EMTs and ambulances. Fortunately they had opened the gates to these normally off-limits premises. We were herded in there with dozens of other people, all of us soaked to the skin. I pulled my cell phone out of my soaking wet pants and pulled up the Sparks app. It finally worked. There was lightning within six miles.<br />
<br />
I never felt like our lives were in danger, but I did feel like the situation could have turned as quickly as the rain and wind was unleashed upon us. While we were waiting for the all clear signal, I had time to reflect on what had just happened, and how we could have been better prepared. Lessoned learned:<br />
<br />
1. Knowing the weather was unstable going into the event, I should have not waited until the announcement to evacuate; I should have gathered the troops and started moving towards the parking lot when the dark clouds were approaching.<br />
2. By the time the bad weather hits, it's too late to make a plan. I should have prepared the girls for the possibility of evacuating before it started raining and gusting. When the weather hit, it was pandemonium. People were running in every direction and we could easily have been separated. In fact, I witnessed one mother desperately calling out for her child, from whom she had been separated during the event. I was torn between wanting to help her and feeling the tugging responsibility to the three girls. Not knowing what the child looked like, I decided that there was nothing I could do at the moment to help here. Later on, I saw her and her child in the paddock.<br />
3. What I remember most vividly is how loud it was. The howling wind makes a surprisingly loud noise, making it almost impossible to give or follow instructions. If I had a do-over I would have told the girls that, in the event that we were separated, we would meet at a designated spot.APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-64336377364204235932018-07-22T07:01:00.002-07:002018-07-22T07:01:24.578-07:00230, 231, Whatever It Takes<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Question: M</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">y understanding is that if you have a 230V, 3-wire device like a motor and you feed it two 12</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">0V hots and earth, then it is running at 208V. Alternatively, you can use a step up transformer and feed it one 230V hot, one neutral, and earth and it is running at a full 230V. Is t</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">here a scenario where this device is fed with two 120V hots and it is running at 240V? For exam</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "verdana" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">ple, if both 120V taps come off the same phase leg (or if they come off different phase legs?) Or is 120V + 120V and earth always 208V?</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQiFP5or6GEDnWPChV4B64nLsJI8t3ZHWImMUWVEKpYxjIyMTRQstrSkynxWqsIia0VpWmR0_hWHZihfGg9OFIiV9sDRHEB58AKVWTWSXPDGMt8te8unBxykLK0II1wwDuC-O4q1Xl725a/s1600/IMG_3005.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQiFP5or6GEDnWPChV4B64nLsJI8t3ZHWImMUWVEKpYxjIyMTRQstrSkynxWqsIia0VpWmR0_hWHZihfGg9OFIiV9sDRHEB58AKVWTWSXPDGMt8te8unBxykLK0II1wwDuC-O4q1Xl725a/s320/IMG_3005.png" width="240" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Answer: Yeah, it can be confusing. Here’s the lowdown. Most likely your 230V device is European; otherwise, it would be a 208V device or a 240V device. In Europe, the hot-to-neutral voltage is 230V (except in the UK where it is actually closer to 240V, but they still call it “230V.”) So the three wires on this device are probably one hot, one neutral, and one earth conductor.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicoUG1DnOSNhU_MocPkSjkLYnzZs-M5Lnto9YvumLwHIDMwr2tViLyYgGD-SPCyIQ3mE-iPrnzy66ccapCvK_WbTeRHBP1_Z-l6LMEka2TAbyITZWhOlHNqdZj_z0TqhgAPu86nYzhJF2L/s1600/Artboard+1-100.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="1238" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicoUG1DnOSNhU_MocPkSjkLYnzZs-M5Lnto9YvumLwHIDMwr2tViLyYgGD-SPCyIQ3mE-iPrnzy66ccapCvK_WbTeRHBP1_Z-l6LMEka2TAbyITZWhOlHNqdZj_z0TqhgAPu86nYzhJF2L/s640/Artboard+1-100.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In North America (and other parts of the world), if you feed it using two hots from a 3-phase system, it will get 208 volts. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjwX_X9vlG0Gk1GDvj7xq3m3IUiUEDwZ0Ep0gR-sX2cUlPas-2Ip-xnkEaRHXvN5xbs3Ol8LowtnIMEIOAoeF2qQjwYB7WgFxlPRtLegv-zpBwS7_-eO9GUxR1hlN04GHMcICu0M7vKjQi/s1600/Artboard+1+copy-100.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="1238" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjwX_X9vlG0Gk1GDvj7xq3m3IUiUEDwZ0Ep0gR-sX2cUlPas-2Ip-xnkEaRHXvN5xbs3Ol8LowtnIMEIOAoeF2qQjwYB7WgFxlPRtLegv-zpBwS7_-eO9GUxR1hlN04GHMcICu0M7vKjQi/s640/Artboard+1+copy-100.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: left;">On the other hand, a lot of homes have “split-phase” service, meaning the phase-to-phase voltage is 240V and the phase-to-neutral voltage is 120V. That’s not a 3-phase system, but it allows you to use 120V for everything in your house except the washer and dryer, which are probably 240V devices. </span><span style="text-align: left;">Also, some venues have “delta power,” which means the phase-to-phase voltage is 240V, but one of the windings in the transformer has a center-tap, which allows you to pick off 120V from phase to neutral. Delta power is more common in industrial parks where they have light manufacturing because they use the 240V for heavy machinery like drill presses, punching machines, CAD/CAM, etc., but they also have 120V for their computers and microwaves. You can identify delta power by the orange marking on the “high” leg, and it’s important to know that the voltage from the orange leg to neutral in delta power is 208V. That’s the only time you’ll find 208V from phase to neutral in North America, which is why is has to be identified by orange as a warning to users. </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2543PiNZsqsaCgBv53fEwq9eFDw4ce60scFIubvoShmmAyzbheifa-_fQGZpe74gY-_z61RCHowBdyFBcMmzZXNDwZawGOcj0uS47RJ3jaau46TwzRtuM0iquDdGYPX2RBL5dO5HjU4Ex/s1600/delta-delta+with+240V+load-01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="1600" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2543PiNZsqsaCgBv53fEwq9eFDw4ce60scFIubvoShmmAyzbheifa-_fQGZpe74gY-_z61RCHowBdyFBcMmzZXNDwZawGOcj0uS47RJ3jaau46TwzRtuM0iquDdGYPX2RBL5dO5HjU4Ex/s640/delta-delta+with+240V+load-01.png" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lastly, most 3-phase generators can operate in “single-phase zig-zag” mode, which gives you 120V from phase to neutral and 240V phase to phase. </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkxxg_ptmWF67mhVWsOH04QVsS1625875NqPPP94c1Txr07PCPoLLwUl0kF7_VXvJJhgwUhV0UZ6hJn5JQ3kOAfKwlPhisRd-7s9wCGlbRbgNMvFcSfljRLRrVAcCBmGBUKFwIu66WQhSz/s1600/genny+animate2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="828" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkxxg_ptmWF67mhVWsOH04QVsS1625875NqPPP94c1Txr07PCPoLLwUl0kF7_VXvJJhgwUhV0UZ6hJn5JQ3kOAfKwlPhisRd-7s9wCGlbRbgNMvFcSfljRLRrVAcCBmGBUKFwIu66WQhSz/s320/genny+animate2.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">So there are a couple of different ways to get 240V in North America but it depends on the service.</span></span></div>
APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-21301130630895413762018-06-25T11:39:00.002-07:002018-06-25T13:21:51.386-07:00Help! I Can't Mathby Richard Cadena<br />
<br />
Don't tell me that you are just aren’t good at math. I won’t buy into that. On the other hand, if you say that you’re not interested in investing the time and effort to polish your math skills, okay, I get it. Math is not for everyone. But unless you have a learning deficiency like dyslexia, you can get good at math if you’re willing to invest the time and energy. Here’s how.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipYqYaGiswy_8TdBEaGU2FCEF3y24NHFJ9vR5D7KQ9_f4zGn3_mMAG7Qv-c5pYArhSn6MokT7-b0Z9wsbCAnpFxormYfPvIT0lvZ5SLhTv9zVayZ8VuV8RLbmrtI1vezhA_rd6CcjM0-IQ/s1600/Pumpkin-carving.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1196" data-original-width="1600" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipYqYaGiswy_8TdBEaGU2FCEF3y24NHFJ9vR5D7KQ9_f4zGn3_mMAG7Qv-c5pYArhSn6MokT7-b0Z9wsbCAnpFxormYfPvIT0lvZ5SLhTv9zVayZ8VuV8RLbmrtI1vezhA_rd6CcjM0-IQ/s320/Pumpkin-carving.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
If you really want to understand your craft as an electrician or technician, then you need some decent math skills. The math is not hard if you practice it. Ohm’s law and the power formulas are just basic algebra. If you break it down into small steps, it’s really simple.<br />
<br />
1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What is the question? That may seem like a trivial step, but it’s so important to identify the unknown variable. Write it down and make sure you know the units of measure. For example, if you’re trying to figure out the current draw for a particular fixture, then the unknown variable is the current I, and its units of measure are amps. The reason you should know the units of measure is because that sometimes can give you a hint about how to solve the problem. If, for example, the unknown variable is speed, its unit of measure is miles per hour. You can literally solve the problem by dividing the number of miles traveled by the number of hours it took.<br />
2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>What do we know? Identify the knowns or givens by writing down everything we know or are given. For example, if we’re trying to figure out the current draw for a particular fixture, we can look up the specs online and write down what we’re given, which is usually the voltage and the power in watts. Sometimes the specs include the power factor too.<br />
3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Which formula should we use? Write down the formula or formulas for solving the problem. In our previous example (solving for the current draw), we will write down the power formula, but we need to know whether to use the single-phase power formula or the 3-phase power formula. If we’re trying to calculate the current draw for a single fixture, we’ll use the single-phase formula, but if we’re calculating the current draw for several fixtures in a 3-phase system, we’ll use the 3-phase formula.<br />
4.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Calculate the answer. Be careful to enter the right values for the knowns.<br />
5.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Evaluate your answer. Just take a look at the answer and ask yourself if it makes sense. For example, if you’re trying to figure out the current draw of a 2000-watt fixture at 208V and you get an answer of 961 amps or 0.961 amps, you should immediately suspect you made an error.<br />
6.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Double check your work.<br />
<br />
Once you practice these steps and get really good at them, they become second nature to you and then you no longer have to think about them, they just happen like the moon follows the sun.APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-43874862331200271582018-05-07T19:11:00.001-07:002018-05-07T19:11:45.243-07:00Gimme Three Steps (Toward Success)I grew up with a friend who made a fortune twice. And unlike other people who have done this, he didn't go broke after his first fortune and then earn another fortune. Instead, he started a successful business, sold it, and after a time he became bored doing not much of anything, so he started another very successful company. I was thinking about him this morning because I remembered something he shared with me about himself.<br />
<br />
When I went to visit him in California after he started his second business, Blaze Pizza, he took me to his first restaurant in the chain. While we were sampling the food and service, I complimented him on his success.<br />
<br />
"I'm really proud of you," I said. "You've worked hard to make yourself a success."<br />
<br />
"Actually," he corrected me, "I don't like to work hard at all." He told me that he takes a very leisurely approach to business and spends very little time in his office.<br />
<br />
That goes completely counter to everything I thought I knew about success, leaving me to wonder what really is the combination to unlock it. I don't claim to know all of the digits, but I think I have at least three of them.<br />
<br />
1. Great ideas are a dime a dozen. Sure, my friend had at least two great ideas. The first was triggered by a childhood memory. When we were in grade school, one of the kids in our class used to tease him about his last name. He called him Wetzel the Pretzel. Years later, when he was searching for ideas to start a franchise, he remembered that and so he started the Wetzel Pretzel chain. But clearly, a great idea is not the only requirement for financial success or most people I know would be fabulously wealthy. I once had a friend who claimed to have come up with the idea of using a vacuum cleaner hose to drive a motor with a blade that you could use to cut your hair. Only later was the Flowbee vacuum cleaner attachment for cutting hair patented. But it wasn't my buddy who patented it and reaped the financial benefits. Clearly there's more to financial success than just having a great idea. You have to take action.<br />
<br />
2. Risk has rewards. Once my grade school friend had an idea for a pretzel franchise, he risked his time and money to start the business. Had he not taken that leap of faith, he would never have made a go of it. But I think there's at least one other ingredient in his recipe for success.<br />
<br />
3. Location, location, location. Corpus Christi, Texas is a great place to be from, but it's not the land of financial opportunity. It's a sleepy little seaside city where we grew up, but had his family not left when he was in high school, I doubt he would have succeeded in business. He ended up in the Los Angeles area, which is where he started his first (and second) business(es) and where there is ample opportunity for success in a variety of fields. That's not the only place where his franchises could have succeeded but I'm pretty sure it wouldn't have happened in south Texas.<br />
<br />
Whether you want to succeed in the restaurant business or in live event production, I think you need more than a great idea. You need to act on your ideas. It helps to have a tolerance for calculated risk, and be willing to relocate to where the opportunities are. Just ask <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestreptalks/2016/11/14/why-blaze-pizza-thinks-theres-room-for-another-pizza-chain-and-why-its-working/#30021de67417" target="_blank">Rick Wetzel.</a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fforbestreptalks%2Ffiles%2F2016%2F11%2FRick-Wetzel-Photo-1200x991.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="800" height="330" src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fforbestreptalks%2Ffiles%2F2016%2F11%2FRick-Wetzel-Photo-1200x991.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-17815852475285950982018-02-04T14:51:00.003-08:002018-02-04T14:51:47.455-08:00Technology at NAMM 2018<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span _mce_style="font-size: 11pt;">Oscar Wilde once said that when business people get together they talk about art and when artists get together, they talk about business. So what happens when business people and artists get together? They talk about technology. </span></div>
<div _mce_style="font-size: 11pt;" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="OneColumnMobile mceItemTable" data-padding-converted="true" style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 5px; width: 422px;"><tbody>
<tr><td _mce_style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;" class="LeftImage" style="padding: 0px 0px 10px;" width="100%"><div align="center">
<img _mce_src="https://mlsvc01-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/38cfa21e001/f78df3c3-3d10-4227-aefe-de70636fbd6c.jpg" _mce_style="display: block; height: auto !important;" border="0" height="299" hspace="0" name="ACCOUNT.IMAGE.500" src="https://mlsvc01-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/38cfa21e001/f78df3c3-3d10-4227-aefe-de70636fbd6c.jpg" style="display: block; height: auto !important;" vspace="0" width="399" /></div>
</td><td _mce_style="height: 1px; line-height: 1px; padding-right: 15px; padding-bottom: 10px;" align="center" class="SpacerImageContainer mobile-hidden" height="1" style="height: 1px; line-height: 1px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-right: 15px;" valign="top" width="5"><img _mce_src="https://static.ctctcdn.com/letters/images/sys/S.gif" border="0" class="SpacerImage" height="1" hspace="0" src="https://static.ctctcdn.com/letters/images/sys/S.gif" vspace="0" width="5" /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div _mce_style="font-size: 11pt;" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span _mce_style="font-size: 11pt;">Jackson Browne was presented with the Les Paul Innovation Award at the NAMM TEC Awards in January. When he accepted it, he talked about the first tape recorder he ever bought and how they took to the road to record "Runn</span><span _mce_style="font-size: 11pt;">ing on Empty" in buses and live venues. Then he took the stage with Lee Sklar, Russ Kunkel, Danny Kortchmar, and Craig Doerge (the Section) and played a couple of songs. It was a magical night.</span></div>
<div>
<span _mce_style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span _mce_style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That wasn't the only opportunity to talk or learn about technology. There were a number of newly added sessions having to do with live event production. I couldn't attend them all, as much as I would have loved to, but I either participated in or attended several, including Mike Wood's "LED Technology: From Diode to Light," "</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sustainability and Cost Savings in Event Lighting" presented by Mike Wood and myself, "Video Production: LEDs, Fluorescents, Automated Lighting; and Lighting Design for Video Production in the Age of LEDs" presented by Matt Ardine, Kieran Illes, David Kane, Mike Wood, and myself, "Electrical Safety for Stage and Set" presented by Alan Rowe and myself, "Video Production: Power on a Shoestring" presented by Kieran Illes and Alan Rowe, "Console Programming Workflow" presented by myself, "Media Server Programming and Pixel Mapping" presented by Matt Ardine and David Kane, and "Advanced Ethernet Networking" presented by Scott Blair, John Huntington, Kevin Loewen.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">My favorite session was </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Advanced Ethernet Networking" presented by Scott Blair, John Huntington, Kevin Loewen. These guys are the industry gurus when it comes to networking. Some of the notes I took during the session include...</span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">John Huntington said that terminating Cat6A is a "pain in the ass." He said you can use Cat5E for gigabit networks and it works fine.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An auto IP is a way of automatically assigning an IP address to a device if it does not receive one from a DHCP server. Scott Blair said that auto IP works with sACN because, as long as the device has IGMP snooping, the IP address doesn't matter. Auto IP addresses are in the range 169.254.x.y.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a protocol that allows you to monitor a network. According to the panel, there are several SNMP applications but I think I missed their favorites. I'll be researching that next.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">John Huntington recommended the Byte Brothers Real World Certifier for testing LAN hardware and cabling. I found <a href="http://www.triplett.com/shop/real-world-certifier-rwc1000k/" target="_blank">this link</a> on his web site with information and specs.</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is still lots to unpack from NAMM but this is a start.</span></div>
APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-3119814641757494312017-12-02T12:00:00.000-08:002017-12-02T12:08:12.205-08:00The Art of Troubleshooting Like Leonardo<div class="MsoNormal">
True story. My wife teaches spin classes at a local gym, and
the other day I went to her class. Before class she was struggling with the
computer that runs the audio and scheduling in the room. She couldn’t get it to
work, so I thought I would help. The computer is a NUC-type, about six inches
long by about four inches wide and inch deep, and it was mounted to the back of
the equipment rack. All of the cables, both power and data, were routed through
the locked rack, concealing their path. The monitor had an error message saying
that it was not receiving a video signal. So I disconnected and reconnected the
video cable at the monitor and at the computer, but the same error message
appeared. Then I disconnected reconnected the power cable at the computer,
thinking that resetting it might help. Again, the same error message appeared
on the monitor. It must be a bad video cable, I thought. It was frustrating not
being able to get into the rack to get a better look, and I was at a loss about
what else I could do. I almost gave up. About that time, the manager of the gym
came along and pushed a button on the computer and it came to life. It turned
out that the On/Off switch was in the Off position. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh73zyyXwr-cptPmin3LbZ_Xlmmld32HP7_31Qu3hImvDaYV_KQ7t1S9AIfw_tjIOy2A_xWSSORfSYGKGXqFl5JEp74QK4kMSekC3Xkoh5sNbuWwNRyflhE6lvQyOWeUPtoTZw61oIdmexu/s1600/Leonardo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="1600" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh73zyyXwr-cptPmin3LbZ_Xlmmld32HP7_31Qu3hImvDaYV_KQ7t1S9AIfw_tjIOy2A_xWSSORfSYGKGXqFl5JEp74QK4kMSekC3Xkoh5sNbuWwNRyflhE6lvQyOWeUPtoTZw61oIdmexu/s400/Leonardo.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The first rule of troubleshooting is to check the obvious
things first. Bill Byrd used to be a technician at High End Systems. He started
there shortly after serving as a tech in the Air Force. That’s where, he said,
he picked up the first rule of troubleshooting. “Is the O-N/O-F-F switch in the
O-N position?” That was his favorite line.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another good practice while troubleshooting is to take
pictures as you go so that you can reference them when it’s time to put things
back together. We used to have to write everything down but now with smart
phone cameras, it’s much quicker and easier to take pictures.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One last tip is to write down your steps as you go so that you never
have to repeat your work. Last month I was troubleshooting a complicated
lighting network at a major television studio. (Look for the article about it
in the Winter 2018 issue of Protocol magazine.) We had run a temporary Ethernet
cable to a network switch in a computer closet, so we had two cables – the main
and the temporary. The system worked fine on the temporary cable but there were
problems with the main cable. I wanted to rule out the cable itself, so we tested the system in four different conditions; one with the main cable
connected to the main port in the switch, one with the temporary cable
connected to another port in the same switch, one with the main cable connected
to a different port in the switch, and the last with the temporary cable
connected to the main port in the switch. So I quickly drew a table with four
rows and labeled them 1 through 4. As we conducted the test, I would write down
the results.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I’ve learned over the years that even a simple test like
this can be interrupted or you can lose track of which combinations have
already been tried. So writing it down saves time and effort. This is a
technique that I learned from reading about Leonardo da Vinci, who was said to
document everything his did in excruciating detail. It takes longer but in the
end, it saves time.<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>509</o:Words>
<o:Characters>2906</o:Characters>
<o:Company>PLASA</o:Company>
<o:Lines>24</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>6</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>3409</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-134238209 -371195905 63 0 4129279 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:.25in;
margin-left:0in;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";
border:none;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is a lot more to troubleshooting, and as you gain
experience you will develop your own techniques. But in the meanwhile, focus on
the simple solutions first, take lots of pictures, and document your work.<o:p></o:p></div>
APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-57864013856813608342017-10-16T14:22:00.000-07:002017-10-16T14:22:48.746-07:00Is it Time for AC to Go Away?<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
You know about AC and DC, but have you heard of IAC?</div>
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
Probably not, since I just made it up to describe how we are increasingly relying on wind and solar power to generate electricity. In the process, it's stored in batteries in the form of DC before passing through inverters to convert to AC and then converted back to DC again to be used by the computer chips that ultimately drive our LEDs, consoles, video projectors, and almost everything else we connect to electrical power. Each of those conversions comes with an energy cost, which is why I believe that we might one day return to a DC grid.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
In the meanwhile, we'll continue to use that intermediate step using AC.</div>
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
The only reason that we use AC today is because 125 years ago when Edison began building and selling DC generators, we didn't know how to change the voltage of DC, so the voltage produced by a DC generator was the voltage that had to be used by the consumer.</div>
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
And when it comes to distributing electricity, there's a trade-off between safety and economy; the higher the voltage, the more dangerous but the more economical, and the lower the voltage, the safer but the more it costs to distribute. That's because of the relationship between power, voltage, and current. To transmit the same amount of power at low voltage requires bigger conductors, which cost more money.</div>
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk_jT3Tas5P9pONEs_ZvXtl33MPTfOrBBbA6Ivt6_ZymEz3ikLFaRIF3Bb1Os9l540yyUPulDSHzacaDh1DyyQQ_3AYMHwqQNvpdNKG9AXTZ4s8Kr0uAiKWoP-ETLNDuNB5lvOovXCeEsn/s1600/2012-08-03+14.24.38.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1196" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk_jT3Tas5P9pONEs_ZvXtl33MPTfOrBBbA6Ivt6_ZymEz3ikLFaRIF3Bb1Os9l540yyUPulDSHzacaDh1DyyQQ_3AYMHwqQNvpdNKG9AXTZ4s8Kr0uAiKWoP-ETLNDuNB5lvOovXCeEsn/s400/2012-08-03+14.24.38.jpg" width="298" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
That problem left the door wide open for George Westinghouse to walk through with his newly purchased patent on the transformer, which allowed him to build and sell AC generators. That, in turn, allowed consumers of electricity to remove their very loud and smelly generators from their property and tie into the electrical grid, which was supplied by very large generators located far from the premises, and that's mostly how it's done today.</div>
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
I was reminded of this recently when I checked into my hotel in Shanghai and I found a variety of electrical connectors, including USB, which provide low-voltage DC to charge batteries in all of our devices. That's not unusual these days, but if it becomes more commonplace and expands to include higher current DC outlets, it could alleviate some issues having to do with electrical power distribution. For example, with AC, we now have to think about power factor and harmonics, which can cause overloads and overheating of electrical apparatus. Neither of those exists in the DC domain. And low-voltage DC is much safer than the 100VAC to 240VAC that we currently use around the world.</div>
<br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" />
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
Converting to DC won't happen any time soon and there are no guarantees that it will happen at all. But imagine having universal voltage at the connection point (5VDC?), universal connectors, and universal frequency (0 Hz!). In the meanwhile, watch out for the effects of low power factor and harmonics.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
<br /></div>
APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7259361082451262403.post-51083397855681739152017-07-23T07:15:00.002-07:002017-07-23T07:15:14.398-07:00Watch This!When I worked at High End Systems, we used to sell a strobe light called Dataflash. It had an 8-inch diameter clear plastic dome, and the first versions of it were made of breakable plastic. But in the second version, the dome was made of Lexan, which is virtually unbreakable. In the demo room at High End we had an 8 x 8 matrix of Dataflash mounted on the wall and it was programmed to play patterns and effects. Richard Belliveau, one of the owners of the company at the time, used to bring customers into the demo room and tell them how tough Lexan is. It's used for bulletproof glass and for the windshields of helicopters, he would say. And then to demonstrate how indestructible the domes were, he would walk up to the display, remove one at random by spinning it off of the fixture, and then he would slam it down on the floor as hard as he could. The floor was concrete and it was covered by a thin layer of colorful carpet, so it was very hard. The Lexan dome would bounce around but it wouldn't break.<br />
<br />
Richard taught me everything I knew about lighting when I worked at High End, including how to sell customers on the features of our products. Soon I was emulating his demonstration of how durable the domes are.<br />
<br />
One day, I brought a customer into the demo room and I said, "Watch this." I spun a dome off of one of the fixtures and walked to the middle of the demo room. With all the flare I could muster, I slammed it to the ground as hard as I could. Much to my dismay, it shattered in a thousand pieces.<br />
<br />
Apparently, someone had replaced one of the Lexan domes with one of the older style domes and that happened to be the one I randomly picked. When it broke, I was embarrassed and I waited with baited breath for the customer's reaction. Would he laugh, cringe, or walk out in disgust? None of the above. He said, "Wow, that fantastic!" He loved it.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvRnv8eZzsxLy6GHPYylh7ut24V4OkjyHtxkwNAfjLbXNcUeshVYJgprU5IW_OcS9dbnqay1ifTTepzGw7AaeZoBAsbzkSDIoHFIXBAusRZDKDLEhFB6zJPt-l5N9_Y5EicGOt_wPt4Tb/s1600/Dataflash.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvRnv8eZzsxLy6GHPYylh7ut24V4OkjyHtxkwNAfjLbXNcUeshVYJgprU5IW_OcS9dbnqay1ifTTepzGw7AaeZoBAsbzkSDIoHFIXBAusRZDKDLEhFB6zJPt-l5N9_Y5EicGOt_wPt4Tb/s320/Dataflash.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />APThttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04583306773707761370noreply@blogger.com0